Determinants of households’ livelihood diversification strategies to adapt with natural disasters: Evidence from ecologically vulnerable haor region of Bangladesh

The haor region of Bangladesh is exposed to a variety of natural disasters such as flash floods, seasonal floods, droughts, riverbank erosions, embankment breaches due to climate change, which impacts the haor people's lives and livelihoods. The study aims to assess the various livelihood strategies adopted by the haor households, as well as the factors that influence their decision to pursue more environmentally friendly and sustainable livelihood strategies. The primary data from the 300 haor households in Kishoregonj, Netrokona and Sunamgonj districts were collected with a multi-stage stratified random sample technique taking 100 of each district. We provide inimitable insight into the analysis framework for understanding sustainable rural livelihood, as well as empirical evidence of how livelihood resources, livelihood strategies, and livelihood outcomes are strongly interrelated. The study classified households’ economic activities into five distinct categories together with crop farming to cope with natural disasters. Among the livelihood options, crop plus livestock rearing is the most productive livelihood strategy for haor households. The findings revealed that the higher returning livelihood diversification strategies are significantly influenced by the household’s head age and education, dependency ratio, land holdings, household assets value, access to credit, annual income, membership of any organization, home to road, market, and haor distances, communication during the dry season, duration of waterlogged, and agro-ecology. In order to change the local context and enable poor households to establish more profitable livelihood strategies, policies should aim to promote the significant determinants of livelihood strategies, as well as ensure livelihood assets, a strong infrastructure, and minimize natural disasters.

TURISMO IDIOMÁTICO: CONCEPTUALIZACIÓN Y VALOR ESTRATÉGICO EN DESTINOS CONSOLIDADOS

En el actual contexto de competencia, los destinos turísticos maduros necesitan desarrollar estrategias de diversificación que les permitan mantener su cuota de mercado e incrementar los beneficios de la actividad turística. Con esta investigación se pretende profundizar en el estudio del turismo idiomático como tipología diferenciada que precisa revisar su definición, componentes y funcionamiento, para entender su alcance. Su potencial valor estratégico se analizará tanto desde el punto de vista de su impacto en la imagen de los destinos como del beneficio económico que genera. In the current context of competition, consolidated destinations need to develop diversification strategies with the objective of maintaining their market share and increasing the benefits of tourism. This research aims to deepen the study of this differentiated form of tourism since its definition, components and operations need to be reviewed in order to understand its scope. In addition, its potential strategic value will be analysed from different perspectives such as destination image and economic benefit.

Livelihood Diversification in Rural India

This study aims to ascertain the level of livelihood diversification and examines the socio-economic contexts of livelihood diversification in rural India. Employing data from India Human Development Survey (IHDS-II), 2011-12, an Inverse Herfindhal-Harschman Diversity Index (IHHDI) was calculated incorporating eleven income sources (livelihood strategies). In addition, the contribution of each strategy in households’ total income has been calculated. Furthermore, binary logistic regression was applied to predict the households’ engagement in each livelihood strategy and the likelihood of high IHHDI. Results indicate that the higher livelihood diversifications were found among the households with large size, high dependency, lower social groups, low educated, landless, marginal and small farming, and economically poor. This study also highlights the significance of diversification strategies in raising households’ income. It is suggested that broadened policy support is required to promote diversification for economic development in rural India.

Income Diversification by agro- Pastoralists in Cholistan Desert Punjab, Pakistan

The pastoralists are economically depend upon livestock for their income which include their herds of livestock and the bi products produced and sold. The nomads keep moving in search of food and forage so they do not completely destroy the natural resource of a particular area. During their journey of searching water sometimes make them closer to the agriculture land near towns where they used to earn through off farm activities which include the income earned through their unskilled labour activities. The multinomial probit regression employed in this study for analysis revealed that many pastoralists adopt the income diversification strategies which are the coping strategies for other than livestock income to reduce the risks attached with livestock income. The role of Govt. and NGOs for improvement in infrastructure is envisaged to find the enhancement of livestock sector in the area is explored in this study. The study is unique in providing perspective on providing access to different facilities and the role of government in improving living of population.

Modelling Annual Cocoa Production Using ARIMA Time Series Model

Cocoa is the most valuable tropical agricultural commodity, comes next to oil; a major target in Nigeria’s export diversification strategies. Cocoa production forecasting is important to the Nigerian agricultural transformation agenda. This study attempts to forecast Nigerian cocoa production between 2019 and 2025 using the ARIMA model. The automated analytical procedure implemented in the R software package indicated that ARIMA (0, 1, 1) is the combination with the least Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC) and hence, the most appropriate for forecasting. The results revealed that cocoa production would fall by more than 20% in 2025 in comparison with 2018. Thus, to guard against the fall, cocoa farmers in the country should be incentivized through adequate financial and technical assistance.

DIVERSIFICATION OF INDIGENOUS AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AND IMPLICATIONS ON HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY: PRACTICES AND LESSONS FROM LOCAL COMMUNITIES OF BARINGO COUNTY, KENYA

An estimated 690 million people worldwide are hungry denying them the fundamental human right on food. Agriculture, which ought to play a crucial role of sustaining household food security is climate sensitive, hence suffer from the effect of climate change and variability.The fundamental elements of food security which include availability, access, utilization and stability have become untenable. This paper examined the indigenous agricultural diversification strategies and their implication on household food security in Baringo County, Kenya. Descriptive survey design was used in the study. A sample of 140 households and 12 Agricultural Extension staff were selected using purposive, proportionate and simple random sampling techniques. Questionnaire, Focus group discussion guide and observation checklist were used to collect data. The findings indicated that a wide range of diversification strategies including knowledge and skill based, enterprise based, diet based, food sources, farming routines and storage based diversification were adopted by households.The study concluded that diversification strategies were mitigation measure against climate change and food insecurity. The study recommended the up scaling best practices of diversification to improve household food security.

Scaling Social Enterprises through Product Diversification

Scaling has remained a challenge for social enterprises, which strive to balance social impact with financial performance to facilitate sustainable development. Product diversification, a common scaling strategy in commercial enterprises, has been recently proposed as a strategy to scale social enterprises while keeping their dual goals in balance. We empirically investigate this using a combination of qualitative and quantitative analyses of microfinance institutions in India. Our inductive analysis reveals that product diversification in social enterprises varies along two dimensions—relatedness and locus of impact—to give four distinct diversification strategies. Each of these strategies impacts the social and financial goals of the organization differently. To scale successfully, social enterprises need to deploy a deliberate and dynamic mix of product diversification strategies. The paper makes an important contribution to the field of social entrepreneurship by exploring how diversification strategy can help social enterprises scale. It also provides important insights to social entrepreneurs on how they should deploy a mix of diversification strategies to maintain a balance between their social and financial goals.

Designing Methods of Developing Diversification Strategies at Integrated Business Structures

Today's market relations are constantly changing, thus it is difficult for enterprises to retain appeal of the industry taken by them. Winning new markets is a priority for many of them. In this circumstances correctly planned and organized diversification process can foster productivity of company work and its divisions. The key goals of production diversification are the following: to cut market risks, to improve enterprise sustainability and to upgrade efficiency figures. To attain this it is necessary to enter new markets and enlarge product range of goods with high added value, which could raise profitability. The article studies notions, advantages, motives, types of diversification and shows different ways of developing diversification strategy for integrated business structures. The author researched key forms of developing diversification strategy for integrated business structures.

Performance enhancement of numerical approaches for scheduling problem on machine single

In this paper, we consider a single-machine scheduling problem, with the aim of minimizing the weighted sum of the completion time. This problem is NP-hard, making the search for an optimal solution very difficult. In this frame, two heuristics (H1), (H2) and metaheuristic tabu search are suggested.To improve the performance of this techniques, we used, on one hand, different diversification strategies (TES1 and TES2) with the aim of exploring unvisited regions of the solution space. On the other hand, we suggested three types of neighborhoods (neighborhood by swapping, neighborhood by insertion and neighborhood by blocks).It must be noted that tasks movement can be within one period or between different periods.