scholarly journals Three-dimensional Stratigraphy Reconstruction and GIS – Postprocessing Issues in Archaeological field 3D Documentation

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 219-240
Author(s):  
Wojciech Ostrowski ◽  
Łukasz Miszk ◽  
Weronika Winiarska
Keyword(s):  
Open Source Software ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
3D Documentation ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Gis Software

This paper aims to present the results of experiments which allowed us to propose up-to-date method of 3D visual representation of explored archaeological layers. Considering the destructive nature of excavations, the correct documentation of an exploration, which offers an insight both into the decision-making process taking place on site, and into the most faithful representation of the examined material, presents a fundamental challenge for a field archaeologist. The aim of the experiments presented here was to test three methods of creating 3D models of successive archaeological layers (contexts) recorded during an exploration. The presented findings show that the method of editing point clouds using open-source software prior to importing the model of the reconstruction of the explored layer into GIS software, is the best solution from the point of view of both the effort and time required, and it can definitely be suggested as the standard procedure of creating the graphical bases for an archaeological database.

scholarly journals Weighing trees with lasers: advances, challenges and opportunities

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 20170048 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. I. Disney ◽  
M. Boni Vicari ◽  
A. Burt ◽  
K. Calders ◽  
S. L. Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Tree Form ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
And Function ◽  
Non Destructive

Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is providing exciting new ways to quantify tree and forest structure, particularly above-ground biomass (AGB). We show how TLS can address some of the key uncertainties and limitations of current approaches to estimating AGB based on empirical allometric scaling equations (ASEs) that underpin all large-scale estimates of AGB. TLS provides extremely detailed non-destructive measurements of tree form independent of tree size and shape. We show examples of three-dimensional (3D) TLS measurements from various tropical and temperate forests and describe how the resulting TLS point clouds can be used to produce quantitative 3D models of branch and trunk size, shape and distribution. These models can drastically improve estimates of AGB, provide new, improved large-scale ASEs, and deliver insights into a range of fundamental tree properties related to structure. Large quantities of detailed measurements of individual 3D tree structure also have the potential to open new and exciting avenues of research in areas where difficulties of measurement have until now prevented statistical approaches to detecting and understanding underlying patterns of scaling, form and function. We discuss these opportunities and some of the challenges that remain to be overcome to enable wider adoption of TLS methods.

scholarly journals Integration, Processing and Dissemination of LiDAR Data in a 3D Web-GIS

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Kulawiak ◽  
Marcin Kulawiak ◽  
Zbigniew Lubniewski
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Web Gis ◽  
Data Organization ◽  
3D Model Reconstruction ◽  
Open Standards ◽  
3D Lidar ◽  
The City

The rapid increase in applications of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) scanners, followed by the development of various methods that are dedicated for survey data processing, visualization, and dissemination constituted the need of new open standards for storage and online distribution of collected three-dimensional data. However, over a decade of research in the area has resulted in a number of incompatible solutions that offer their own ways of disseminating results of LiDAR surveys (be it point clouds or reconstructed three-dimensional (3D) models) over the web. The article presents a unified system for remote processing, storage, visualization, and dissemination of 3D LiDAR survey data, including 3D model reconstruction. It is built with the use of open source technologies and employs open standards, such as 3D Tiles, LASer (LAS), and Object (OBJ) for data distribution. The system has been deployed for automatic organization, processing, and dissemination of LiDAR surveys that were performed in the city of Gdansk. The performance of the system has been measured using a selection of LiDAR datasets of various sizes. The system has shown to considerably simplify the process of data organization and integration, while also delivering tools for easy discovery, inspection, and acquisition of desired datasets.

scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Structural Surface Model of Heritage Bridges Using UAV-Based Photogrammetric Point Clouds

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Pan ◽  
Yiqing Dong ◽  
Dalei Wang ◽  
Airong Chen ◽  
Zhen Ye
Keyword(s):  
Classification Tree ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Reconstruction Method ◽  
3D Point Clouds ◽  
Surface Models ◽  
Structural Surface ◽  
Better Than

Three-dimensional (3D) digital technology is essential to the maintenance and monitoring of cultural heritage sites. In the field of bridge engineering, 3D models generated from point clouds of existing bridges is drawing increasing attention. Currently, the widespread use of the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) provides a practical solution for generating 3D point clouds as well as models, which can drastically reduce the manual effort and cost involved. In this study, we present a semi-automated framework for generating structural surface models of heritage bridges. To be specific, we propose to tackle this challenge via a novel top-down method for segmenting main bridge components, combined with rule-based classification, to produce labeled 3D models from UAV photogrammetric point clouds. The point clouds of the heritage bridge are generated from the captured UAV images through the structure-from-motion workflow. A segmentation method is developed based on the supervoxel structure and global graph optimization, which can effectively separate bridge components based on geometric features. Then, recognition by the use of a classification tree and bridge geometry is utilized to recognize different structural elements from the obtained segments. Finally, surface modeling is conducted to generate surface models of the recognized elements. Experiments using two bridges in China demonstrate the potential of the presented structural model reconstruction method using UAV photogrammetry and point cloud processing in 3D digital documentation of heritage bridges. By using given markers, the reconstruction error of point clouds can be as small as 0.4%. Moreover, the precision and recall of segmentation results using testing date are better than 0.8, and a recognition accuracy better than 0.8 is achieved.

scholarly journals An Integrated Reverse Engineering Approach for Accuracy Control of Free-Form Objects

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 647-663
Author(s):  
Vimal Kumar Pathak ◽  
Chitresh Nayak ◽  
Amit Kumar Singh ◽  
Himanshu Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Engineering ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fem Analysis ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Digital Model ◽  
Surface Generation ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Accuracy Control ◽  
Prosthetic Socket

Abstract Computer-aided tools help in shortening and eradicating numerous repetitive tasks that reduces the gap between digital model and actual product. Use of these tools assists in realizing free-form objects such as custom fit products as described by a stringent interaction with the human body. Development of such a model presents a challenging situation for reverse engineering (RE) which is not analogous with the requirement for generating simple geometric models. Hence, an alternating way of producing more accurate three-dimensional models is proposed. For creating accurate 3D models, point clouds are processed through filtering, segmentation, mesh smoothing and surface generation. These processes help in converting the initial unorganized point data into a 3D digital model and simultaneously influence the quality of model. This study provides an optimum balance for the best accuracy obtainable with maximum allowable deviation to lessen computer handling and processing time. A realistic non trivial case study of free-form prosthetic socket is considered. The accuracy obtained for the developed model is acceptable for the use in medical applications and FEM analysis.

scholarly journals INTEGRATION OF GEODATA IN DOCUMENTING CASTLE RUINS

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B3 ◽  
pp. 345-349
Author(s):  
P. Delis ◽  
M. Wojtkowska ◽  
P. Nerc ◽  
I. Ewiak ◽  
A. Lada
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Digital Camera ◽  
Terrestrial Laser Scanning ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Digital Imagery ◽  
Historical Structures ◽  
Three Dimensional Models ◽  
Different Sources

Textured three dimensional models are currently the one of the standard methods of representing the results of photogrammetric works. A realistic 3D model combines the geometrical relations between the structure’s elements with realistic textures of each of its elements. Data used to create 3D models of structures can be derived from many different sources. The most commonly used tool for documentation purposes, is a digital camera and nowadays terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). Integration of data acquired from different sources allows modelling and visualization of 3D models historical structures. Additional aspect of data integration is possibility of complementing of missing points for example in point clouds. The paper shows the possibility of integrating data from terrestrial laser scanning with digital imagery and an analysis of the accuracy of the presented methods. The paper describes results obtained from raw data consisting of a point cloud measured using terrestrial laser scanning acquired from a Leica ScanStation2 and digital imagery taken using a Kodak DCS Pro 14N camera. The studied structure is the ruins of the Ilza castle in Poland.

scholarly journals Stat-tracks and mediotypes: powerful tools for modern ichnology based on 3D models

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Belvedere ◽  
Matthew R. Bennett ◽  
Daniel Marty ◽  
Marcin Budka ◽  
Sally C. Reynolds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Vertebrate Tracks ◽  
Substrate Properties ◽  
Three Dimensional Models ◽  
Formal Recognition ◽  
Unusual Track

Vertebrate tracks are subject to a wide distribution of morphological types. A single trackmaker may be associated with a range of tracks reflecting individual pedal anatomy and behavioural kinematics mediated through substrate properties which may vary both in space and time. Accordingly, the same trackmaker can leave substantially different morphotypes something which must be considered in creating ichnotaxa. In modern practice this is often captured by the collection of a series of 3D track models. We introduce two concepts to help integrate these 3D models into ichnological analysis procedures. The mediotype is based on the idea of using statistically-generated three-dimensional track models (median or mean) of the type specimens to create a composite track to support formal recognition of a ichno type. A representative track (mean and/or median) is created from a set of individual reference tracks or from multiple examples from one or more trackways. In contrast, stat-tracks refer to other digitally generated tracks which may explore variance. For example, they are useful in: understanding the preservation variability of a given track sample; identifying characteristics or unusual track features; or simply as a quantitative comparison tool. Both concepts assist in making ichnotaxonomical interpretations and we argue that they should become part of the standard procedure when instituting new ichnotaxa. As three-dimensional models start to become a standard in publications on vertebrate ichnology, the mediotype and stat-track concepts have the potential to help guiding a revolution in the study of vertebrate ichnology and ichnotaxonomy.

scholarly journals Principles of Three-Dimensional Computer Design for Understanding Impossible Figures

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-173
Author(s):  
Tihomir Dovramadjiev
Keyword(s):  
Open Source Software ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Computer Design ◽  
3D Design ◽  
3D Geometry ◽  
Technological Means ◽  
The One ◽  
Impossible Figures

For a better understanding of the impossible figures, it is advisable to use modern technological means by which the design of the geometry of the models gives a complete understanding of how they are made. Computer-aided 3D design completely solves this problem. That is, on the one hand, the ultimate visual variant of impossible figures is created, on the other hand, there is the possibility for real manipulation, movement, rotation and other models of space. In this study, 3D models of impossible figures are fully constructed, which are applied in the educational process in order to develop logical thinking. The steps of creating 3D geometry using open source software Blender 3D are described in details.

scholarly journals APPLICATIONS OF PANORAMIC IMAGES: FROM 720° PANORAMA TO INTERIOR 3D MODELS OF AUGMENTED REALITY

2015 ◽  
Vol XL-4/W5 ◽  
pp. 189-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.-C. Lee ◽  
F. Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Focal Length ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Exterior Orientation ◽  
3D Point Clouds ◽  
Panoramic Images ◽  
Main Station ◽  
Orientation Parameters

A series of panoramic images are usually used to generate a 720° panorama image. Although panoramic images are typically used for establishing tour guiding systems, in this research, we demonstrate the potential of using panoramic images acquired from multiple sites to create not only 720° panorama, but also three-dimensional (3D) point clouds and 3D indoor models. Since 3D modeling is one of the goals of this research, the location of the panoramic sites needed to be carefully planned in order to maintain a robust result for close-range photogrammetry. After the images are acquired, panoramic images are processed into 720° panoramas, and these panoramas which can be used directly as panorama guiding systems or other applications. <br><br> In addition to these straightforward applications, interior orientation parameters can also be estimated while generating 720° panorama. These parameters are focal length, principle point, and lens radial distortion. The panoramic images can then be processed with closerange photogrammetry procedures to extract the exterior orientation parameters and generate 3D point clouds. In this research, VisaulSFM, a structure from motion software is used to estimate the exterior orientation, and CMVS toolkit is used to generate 3D point clouds. Next, the 3D point clouds are used as references to create building interior models. In this research, Trimble Sketchup was used to build the model, and the 3D point cloud was added to the determining of locations of building objects using plane finding procedure. In the texturing process, the panorama images are used as the data source for creating model textures. This 3D indoor model was used as an Augmented Reality model replacing a guide map or a floor plan commonly used in an on-line touring guide system. <br><br> The 3D indoor model generating procedure has been utilized in two research projects: a cultural heritage site at Kinmen, and Taipei Main Station pedestrian zone guidance and navigation system. The results presented in this paper demonstrate the potential of using panoramic images to generate 3D point clouds and 3D models. However, it is currently a manual and labor-intensive process. A research is being carried out to Increase the degree of automation of these procedures.

scholarly journals 2D & 3D RECONSTRUCTION WORKFLOWS FROM ARCHIVE IMAGES, CASE STUDY OF DAMAGED MONUMENTS IN BOSRA AL-SHAM CITY (SYRIA)

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W15 ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Al Khalil ◽  
P. Grussenmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Point Clouds ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Control Points ◽  
Geometric Accuracy ◽  
Image Rectification ◽  
Dense Point ◽  
3D Documentation ◽  
2D And 3D ◽  
The City

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The paper explores the possibilities of using old images for 2D and 3D documentation of archaeological monuments using open source, free and commercial photogrammetric software. The available images represent the external façade of the Western gate and Al Omari Mosque in the city of Bosra al-Sham in Syria, which were severely damaged during the recent war. The images were captured using consumer camera and they were originally used to achieve 2D documentation for each part of the gate separately. 2D control points were used to scale the digital photomosaic and reference distances were applied for the scaling of the 3D models. Archive images were used to produce a 2D digital photomosaic of the monument by image rectification and 3D dense point clouds by applying Structure from Motion (SfM) techniques. The geometric accuracy of the results has been assessed.</p>

scholarly journals Modelling and Visualization of Three Dimensional Objects Using Inexpensive Digital Cameras

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismail Elkhrachy
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Bundle Adjustment ◽  
Control Points ◽  
Digital Cameras ◽  
Three Dimensional Objects ◽  
Spatial Positioning ◽  
And Control

This paper analyses and evaluate the precision and the accuracy the capability of low-cost terrestrial photogrammetry by using many digital cameras to construct a 3D model of an object. To obtain the goal, a building façade has imaged by two inexpensive digital cameras such as Canon and Pentax camera. Bundle adjustment and image processing calculated by using Agisoft PhotScan software. Several factors will be included during this study, different cameras, and control points. Many photogrammetric point clouds will be generated. Their accuracy will be compared with some natural control points which collected by the laser total station of the same building. The cloud to cloud distance will be computed for different comparison 3D models to investigate different variables. The practical field experiment showed a spatial positioning reported by the investigated technique was between 2-4cm in the 3D coordinates of a façade. This accuracy is optimistic since the captured images were processed without any control points.

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