Mind the Gaps: How Organization Design Shapes the Sourcing of Inventions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Eklund ◽  
Rahul Kapoor
Keyword(s):  
New Products ◽  
Organization Design ◽  
Knowledge Flows ◽  
Managerial Decision ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Managerial Decision Making ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
It Impacts ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

An important problem for many firms is sustaining their rate of innovation by launching new products on an ongoing basis. Accordingly, firms need to replenish their innovation pipelines with new inventions as existing inventions are weeded out or reach fruition. The replenishment can be done through internally generated inventions or through externally sourced inventions via licensing, alliance, or acquisition modes. Drawing on incentives- and knowledge-based views of the firm, we consider the difference in managerial decision making between centralized and decentralized research and development (R&D) organization designs and how it impacts firms’ propensities to draw on externally sourced inventions. As compared with centralized designs, decentralized designs are associated with greater incentives for managers to replenish their firms’ pipelines but are limited in terms of intraorganizational knowledge flows that can facilitate the creation of inventions. We explore these mechanisms using a novel data set of firms’ sourcing decisions within the pharmaceutical industry between 1996 and 2015. We find that firms with decentralized R&D designs replenish their pipelines with a higher proportion of externally sourced inventions than do firms with centralized designs. This difference is found to be mainly attributed to external sourcing via licensing and for inventions of moderate novelty. This study offers an important contribution to the question of how firms organize for innovation, highlighting the relationship between internal R&D organization design and the external sourcing of inventions. In so doing, it illustrates that the choice of organization design in terms of centralization or decentralization can shape a firm’s locus of innovation.

Angle-domain common-image gathers from anisotropic migration

Geophysics ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. S81-S91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biondo Biondi
Keyword(s):  
Complex I ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Isotropic Case ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Wavefield Continuation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Contrast Group ◽  
Vti Media ◽  
The Relationship

I present a general methodology for computing angle-domain common-image gathers (ADCIGs) in conjunction with anisotropic wavefield-continuation migration. The method is based on transforming the prestack image from the subsurface-offset domain to the angle domain using slant stacks. The processing sequence is the same as that for computing ADCIGs for the isotropic case, though the interpretation of the relationship between the slopes measured in the prestack image and the aperture angles is more complex. I demonstrate that the slopes measured by performing slant stacks along the subsurface-offset axis of the prestack image provide a good approximation of the phase aperture angles, and they are exactly equal to the phase aperture angles for flat reflectors in vertical transversly isotropic (VTI) media. In the general case of dipping reflectors, the angles computed using slant stacks can be easily corrected by applying the relationships that I present in this paper, and the accurate aperture angles can be determined as a function of the reflector dip and anisotropic slowness at the reflector. I derive these relationships from both plane-wave and ray viewpoints. This theoretical development links the kinematics in ADCIGs with migration-velocity errors. I apply the proposed method to compute ADCIGs from the prestack image obtained by anisotropic migration of a 2D line recorded in the Gulf of Mexico. I analyze the error introduced by neglecting the difference between the true phase aperture angle and the angle computed through slant stacks, showing that, at least for this data set, these errors are negligible and can be safely ignored. In contrast, group aperture angles can be quite different from phase aperture angles; thus, ignoring the distinction between these two angles can be detrimental to practical applications.

Openness in university-industry collaboration: probing managerial perceptions

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heikki Moilanen ◽  
Mirje Halla ◽  
Pauli Alin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Managerial Decision ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Managerial Decision Making ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Intermediary Organizations ◽  
Managerial Perceptions ◽  
University Industry

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to increase the understanding of decision making of managers of intermediary organizations in university-industry (UI) collaboration by probing managerial perceptions of openness in that context. Design/methodology/approach – The authors conducted 11 semi-structured interviews of managers of intermediary organizations in the context of UI collaboration. Using Grounded Theory, the authors analyzed how the managers talked about openness. Findings – The authors found that the managers perceived openness in four distinct ways: first, openness as driven by management of the relationship, second, openness as driven by bringing people together, third, openness as a driver of co-creation and fourth, openness as a driver of beneficial results. From these findings the authors induce a framework for perception of openness. Research limitations/implications – The findings are based on a relatively limited data set, which is a limitation of the study. Future research should study whether differences in perception of openness exist among different contexts or partners of UI collaboration. Practical implications – The findings can potentially provide useful guidance to managers in UI collaboration as to how better understand the important concept of openness in that context. Originality/value – This study addresses the lack of research on managerial perceptions on openness in the context in UI collaboration. Probing managerial perceptions of openness provides us with better understanding of managerial decision making in UI collaboration. The study contributes to scientific discussions on managerial perceptions of openness and to discussions on managerial decision making in UI collaboration.

Controllers as business partners in managerial decision-making

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Wolf ◽  
Barbara E. Weißenberger ◽  
Marius Claus Wehner ◽  
Rüdiger Kabst
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Managerial Decision ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Managerial Decision Making ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Business Partners ◽  
General Managers ◽  
Business Orientation

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine whether controllers are willing to and/or general managers are expecting them to act as business partners and, hence, to analyze the related consequences from a manager’s point of view. Design/methodology/approach This study is based on a dyadic data set gathered from 112 German head controllers and corresponding general managers in the period of March to May 2009. Drawing on the theory of reasoned action (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975), the authors examine controllers’ attitude, subjective norm and behavior regarding their participation in managerial decision-making. Further, the authors analyze general managers’ assessment of related outcomes, such as internal efficiency and process improvements and use covariance-based structural equation modeling to test for the theoretical relationships. Findings Results show that controllers’ behavior is strongly influenced by management’s expectations. Moreover, the results support the notion that business partnering is associated with organizational improvements regarding internal processes, decisions and efficiency, thereby increasing the contribution of the controllers’ department to the competiveness of an organization. Research limitations/implications Our study focuses on a limited set of variables and does not incorporate different hierarchy levels, which could be avenues for further research. Still, our findings highlight the importance of management’s expectations as triggers for business-oriented behavior of controllers. Originality/value Theory and empirical evidence in the research area of controllers’ business orientation are still underdeveloped and, therefore, knowledge about the micro-processes and determinants on an individual level for becoming a business partner, as well as on the related outcomes of such a behavior is still limited. The results contribute to literature by highlighting the importance of general managers’ expectations as triggers for business orientation of controllers and its related benefits for the organization.

scholarly journals The relationship between VHF radar auroral backscatter amplitude and Doppler velocity: a statistical study

1996 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 803-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Shand ◽  
M. Lester ◽  
T. K. Yeoman
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cycle ◽  
Intensity Variation ◽  
Statistical Investigation ◽  
Doppler Velocity ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Vhf Radar ◽  
Backscatter Intensity ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Scattering Volume ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. A statistical investigation of the relationship between VHF radar auroral backscatter intensity and Doppler velocity has been undertaken with data collected from 8 years operation of the Wick site of the Sweden And Britain Radar-auroral Experiment (SABRE). The results indicate three different regimes within the statistical data set; firstly, for Doppler velocities <200 m s–1, the backscatter intensity (measured in decibels) remains relatively constant. Secondly, a linear relationship is observed between the backscatter intensity (in decibels) and Doppler velocity for velocities between 200 m s–1 and 700 m s–1. At velocities greater than 700 m s–1 the backscatter intensity saturates at a maximum value as the Doppler velocity increases. There are three possible geophysical mechanisms for the saturation in the backscatter intensity at high phase speeds: a saturation in the irregularity turbulence level, a maximisation of the scattering volume, and a modification of the local ambient electron density. There is also a difference in the dependence of the backscatter intensity on Doppler velocity for the flow towards and away from the radar. The results for flow towards the radar exhibit a consistent relationship between backscatter intensity and measured velocities throughout the solar cycle. For flow away from the radar, however, the relationship between backscatter intensity and Doppler velocity varies during the solar cycle. The geometry of the SABRE system ensures that flow towards the radar is predominantly associated with the eastward electrojet, and flow away is associated with the westward electrojet. The difference in the backscatter intensity variation as a function of Doppler velocity is attributed to asymmetries between the eastward and westward electrojets and the geophysical parameters controlling the backscatter amplitude.

The Effects of Graphical Versus Numerical Response on the Accuracy of Graph-Based Forecasts

1991 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane M. Carey ◽  
Edna M. White
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Support ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Managerial Decision ◽  
Managerial Decision Making ◽  
Graphical Interfaces ◽  
Graphic Information ◽  
Graph Reading ◽  
The Difference

This article explores the literature in graphic information presentation and managerial decision making. The literature suggests that task must be controlled in experimental design. The results of an experiment undertaken to determine the effects of collecting numeric versus graphic responses onforecasting accuracy are discussed. Results of the study show forecasts were significantly more accurate when subjects responded graphically than when they responded numerically. The difference in accuracy was found to be unassociated with preference for the two response approaches and to be independent of graph-reading ability. Based on the experimenteal results, it appears that more accurate subjective visual forecasts can, on average, be obtained by collecting the forecasts in graphical format. Therefore, when in comparisons of performance based on graphical versus tabular information, the way in which the response is elicited must be considered along with otherfactors that affect performance and preference for presentation style. This finding has implications for the design of graphical interfaces for managerial decision support systems.

An ambidexterity perspective toward configurations of knowledge flows: an empirical testing of its two-phase performance implications

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 1005-1035
Author(s):  
Fanghong Liu ◽  
Jiangang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Knowledge Flows ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how knowledge inflows and outflows interact to affect performance outcomes. Though previous studies have dealt with knowledge inflows and outflows, the quality and quantity characteristics of knowledge are often not taken into account, thus leaving a research gap with regards to the effect of their interactions on performance outcomes. Design/methodology/approach Based on Poisson regression analysis, this quantitative study fills the aforementioned research gaps by analyzing the ambidextrous configurations of knowledge flows from an ambidexterity perspective and examines their effects on two-phase performance (i.e. regular season and playoffs), using a longitudinal data set of National Basketball Association transactions from the 2003-2004 to 2014-2015 season. Findings The results suggest that the complementarity between knowledge inflows and outflows along the quality and quantity dimensions of knowledge, respectively, has a positive impact on two-phase performance, while the imbalance between knowledge inflows and outflows under the quality and quantity dimensions of knowledge, respectively, has a negative impact on playoffs performance (Phase 2). These findings suggest that organizations can balance knowledge inflows and outflows under a single quality or quantity dimension of knowledge. Furthermore, the interaction between the quantity of the inflows of knowledge and the quality of the outflows of knowledge and the interaction between the quality of the inflows of knowledge and the quantity of the outflows of knowledge are both positively related to two-phase performance. These findings suggest that organizations can balance knowledge inflows and outflows across quality and quantity dimensions of knowledge. Finally, the effects of the interaction between knowledge inflows and outflows on playoffs performance are greater than regular-season. Practical implications Organizations should leverage ambidexterity to manage/balance knowledge inflows and outflows across quality and quantity dimensions, further enhancing performance outcomes. Originality/value This study, first, provides new insights into knowledge flows by distinguishing between the quality and quantity of knowledge, the inflows and outflows of knowledge, constructing ambidextrous configurations of knowledge flows from an ambidexterity perspective. Second, it contributes to the relationship between knowledge flows and organizational performance by revealing how ambidextrous configurations of knowledge flows exert different effects on performance outcomes. Third, it adds to the literature of ambidexterity-performance relationships and expands it to the context of sports.

scholarly journals Why do corporate cash holdings differ within reunified Germany?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Kupfer ◽  
Julia Oberndorfer ◽  
Felix Kunz
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Cash Holdings ◽  
Managerial Decision ◽  
Managerial Decision Making ◽  
Norms And Values ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
East German ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Corporate Cash Holdings

AbstractThis study examines German firms’ managerial decision-making from the perspective of corporate cash holdings. An econometric analysis of 89,018 firm-year observations for 2004–2016 shows that East German firms hold significantly more cash than their West German counterparts. It is further demonstrated that no reasonable hypotheses (i.e. structural differences, access to financing, and historical differences) can explain East German firms’ higher cash holdings. Instead, the difference in cash holdings is only relevant for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Additionally, East German SMEs adjust excess cash more slowly than West German SMEs. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that cultural attributes influence managerial decision-making and imply that the norms and values of the former German Democratic Republic persist.

scholarly journals Accounting Information and Managerial Decision Making in the Manufacturing Industry in Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 143-155
Author(s):  
Babatunde Lawal
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Resource Management ◽  
Human Resource Management ◽  
Human Resource ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Managerial Decision ◽  
Managerial Decision Making ◽  
Wrong Decision ◽  
The Relationship

In the contemporary business world, the role of accounting information in making or marring a business cannot be overemphasized. Recent worldwide advances in manufacturing technologies have brought about a metamorphosis in industry. This paper established the relationship between accounting information and managerial decision making in the manufacturing industry in Nigeria. The study was guided by the following research objectives; to establish the relationship that exists between accounting information and production decisions; to evaluate the relationship that exists between accounting information and human resource management decisions and to assess the relationship that exists between accounting information and marketing decisions in the Nigerian manufacturing sector. The research design adopted for this study is the survey design. The population of the study comprised of the eight companies in beverage sector of the manufacturing industry in Nigeria. The survey research made use of Seven Up Bottling Company Plc, and Nigeria Bottling Company as representatives of the manufacturing industry. Primary data was collected through administering of questionnaire to the staff of the companies. The sample size of the study was 382 derived from the Yaro Yamani’s formula. Based on the findings, it was concluded that accounting information has an effect on managerial decision making in the Nigerian manufacturing industry. The study recommended that due to the importance of human capital in any organisation, promotion, transfer and retrenchment decisions should be handled with utmost sensitivity. Also, accounting information should therefore be inculcated into the taking of such decisions as it will affect the human resource management department and the organisation as a whole if the wrong decision is taken.  

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