Evolutionary Approaches to Innovation, the Firm, and the Dynamics of Industries

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-289
Author(s):  
Gino Cattani ◽  
Franco Malerba
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Capabilities ◽  
Evolutionary Strategies ◽  
Industry Dynamics ◽  
The Road ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectories ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Important Progress ◽  
Made In

We examine the progress of the evolutionary research on innovation, the firm, and the dynamics of industries in the last four decades. The paper acknowledges that the themes related to knowledge and technological regimes, the evolutionary processes leading to innovation, and the long-term dynamics of technologies have generated, and still remain, relevant research trajectories. The same can be said for the research trajectories on organizational and dynamic capabilities, evolutionary strategies, vertical integration, diversification, niche construction, and authority and power in organizations. Important progress has also been made in understanding the evolutionary trajectories of industries, the link between industry architecture and industry dynamics, the types of knowledge of entrants, the role of focal and vertical spinouts, the relevance of institutions and sectoral innovation systems in industry dynamics, and the catch-up process by firms from latecomer countries. We argue that future developments in the evolutionary camp should continue to be characterized by eclecticism and multidisciplinarity, as well as by the integration of different methodologies from cases to stylized facts, quantitative analyses, appreciative theorizing, and formal modelling. We conclude with an analysis of the main methodologies used by evolutionary scholars and a discussion of the road ahead.

scholarly journals The road to achieving the long-term Paris targets: energy transition and the role of direct air capture

2017 ◽  
Vol 144 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Marcucci ◽  
Socrates Kypreos ◽  
Evangelos Panos
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transition ◽  
The Road ◽  
Direct Air Capture ◽  
Air Capture

Assessing the Role of the IMF in Fragile States

2021 ◽  
pp. 521-547
Author(s):  
Charles Collyns ◽  
Kevin Kuruc ◽  
Shinji Takagi
Keyword(s):  
Full Potential ◽  
Fragile States ◽  
Sustained Development ◽  
Independent Evaluation ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Program Engagement ◽  
Recent Evaluation ◽  
The Imf

This chapter presents an assessment of the IMF’s role in countries in fragile and conflict-affected situations, drawing primarily on the findings of a recent evaluation report by the Independent Evaluation Office. The IMF is widely acknowledged to have made significant contributions to helping build core economic policy institutions, achieve macroeconomic stability, and promote macro-critical reforms in these countries. Quantitative analyses based on a “dynamic” list of fragile states suggest that the IMF’s program engagement has been positively associated with increased tax revenue, higher GDP growth, and greater official aid inflows. Even so, the IMF’s business model, focused on short-term macroeconomic stabilization, has a tendency to treat fragile states like any other country and does not always fit well with their long-term sustained development needs. The chapter argues that the IMF’s support for fragile states has yet to achieve its full potential and identifies areas where effectiveness can be strengthened.

Role of different aberrant cell signalling pathways prevalent in acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Biologia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Priya Gopal ◽  
Mausumi Paul ◽  
Santanu Paul
Keyword(s):  
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Cell Signalling ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Survival Ratio ◽  
Functional Abnormality ◽  
Important Progress ◽  
Made In

AbstractAcute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is one of the major forms of leukemia that affects mostly adolescent individuals. The main cause of the development of ALL is not known though several important signal transduction pathways have been reported with functional abnormality in all the cases. Crucial signalling pathways reported in ALL include PI3K/Akt, Notch, Wnt, mTOR, JaK/Stat, etc. Over the past several decades important progress has been made in the management of ALL, however, relapses and post therapy survival ratio has not improved much. This brings the need for understanding the biology and mechanism involved in ALL occurrences and find new molecular targets for better treatment options and risk-adapted therapies to improve the outcome of ALL patients.

scholarly journals Assessing Labour Market Vulnerability among Young People

2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-213
Author(s):  
Theo Sparreboom ◽  
Lubna Shahnaz
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Vulnerability Framework ◽  
Made In

Labour market performance in Pakistan has improved markedly in recent years. This paper examines the extent to which young people have benefited from this improvement, using the labour market vulnerability framework that was recently introduced by the ILO. This framework can be used to assess the difficulties young people face on the road to decent employment, and may also serve as a basis for the development of appropriate policies and interventions. Drawing on empirical evidence from various surveys, in particular the Labour Force Survey, we conclude that vulnerability among the youth has generally been reduced since 1999-2000. Vulnerability of women has been reduced through higher enrolment rates in education, and unemployment among both men and women has declined. Far less progress has been made in reducing vulnerability among the employed, and youth still face numerous obstacles that hamper the attainment of decent employment. The paper offers recommendations on the role of labour market information in reducing youth vulnerability. JEL classification: J40, J13 Keyword: Labour Market; Youth; Pakistan

scholarly journals Learning to interpret novel eHMI: The effect of vehicle kinematics and eHMI familiarity on pedestrians' crossing behaviour

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yee Mun Lee ◽  
Ruth Madigan ◽  
Chinebuli Uzondu ◽  
Jorge Garcia ◽  
Richard Romano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
The Road ◽  
Implicit Communication ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Pedestrian Crossing ◽  
Kinematic Information ◽  
Vehicle Deceleration

In current urban traffic, pedestrians attempting to cross the road at un-signalised locations are thought to mostly use implicit communication, such as deceleration cues, to interpret a vehicle’s intention to yield. There is less reliance on explicit driver- or vehicle-based messages, such as hand/head movements, or flashing lights/beeping horns. With the impending deployment of Automated Vehicles (AV), especially those at SAE Level 4 and 5, where the driver is no longer in control of the vehicle, there has been a surge in interest in the value of new forms of communication for AVs, for example, via different types of external Human Machine Interfaces (eHMIs). However, there is still much to be understood about how quickly a novel eHMI affects pedestrian crossing decisions, and whether it provides any additional aid, above and beyond implicit/kinematic information from the vehicle. The aim of this between-participant study, funded by the H2020 interACT project, was to investigate how the combination of kinematic information from a vehicle (e.g. Speed and Deceleration), and eHMI designs, play a role in assisting the crossing decision of pedestrians in a cave-based pedestrian simulator. Using an existing, well-recognised, message for yielding (Flashing Headlights - FH) as a benchmark, this study also investigated how quickly a novel eHMI (Slow Pulsing Light Band – SPLB) was learned. To investigate the effect of eHMI visibility on crossing decisions, the distance at which each eHMI was perceivable was also measured. Results showed that, compared to SPLB, the FH led to earlier crossings during vehicle deceleration, especially at lower approaching speeds, and smaller time gaps. However, although FH was visible earlier than SPLB, this visibility does not appear to be the only reason for earlier crossings, with message familiarity thought to play a role. Participants were found to learn the meaning conveyed by FH relatively quickly, crossing around 1 second earlier in its presence (compared to the no eHMI condition), across the three blocks of trials. On the other hand, it took participants at least one block of 12 trials for the new SPLB signal to affect crossing, which only accelerated crossing initiations by around 200ms, compared to the no eHMI condition. The role of comprehension, long-term exposure, and familiarity of novel messages in this context is therefore important, if AVs are to provide safe, trustworthy communication messages, which will enhance traffic flow and efficiency.

The IMO Initial Strategy for the Reduction of GHGs from International Shipping: A Commentary

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 482-512
Author(s):  
Aldo Chircop
Keyword(s):  
International Standards ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
Short Term ◽  
International Convention ◽  
International Shipping ◽  
The Road ◽  
Initial Strategy ◽  
On The Road

AbstractIn 2018 the IMO adopted the initial Strategy for the international shipping industry’s reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions towards achieving the goal set in the 2015 Paris Agreement. At this time the Strategy is no more than a preliminary structure to frame the measures that will need to be adopted for the short, medium and long terms. In the short term (2018–2023) a first suite of measures will be adopted, and the initial Strategy will be revised and adopted as changed in 2023 with proposed measures for the medium term (2023–2030) and long term (2030–2050 and beyond). New international standards, tools and best practices will be needed to supplement the existing energy efficiency management rules in the International Convention on the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973/78. This article discusses the Strategy and the role of the IMO in leading the shipping industry on the road to decarbonization.

Sensing and seizing in the apparel industry: the role of dynamic capabilities in fostering sustainable strategic orientations

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Chevrollier ◽  
Fons Kuijf
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Capabilities ◽  
Apparel Industry ◽  
Strategic Orientation ◽  
Incremental Innovation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Strategic Orientations ◽  
Inductive Research

Purpose This paper aims to explore how the dynamic capabilities sensing and seizing could support a sustainable (either instrumental or stewardship) strategic orientation in the apparel industry. Design/methodology/approach Through qualitative and inductive research design, ten companies from the Sustainable Apparel Coalition, specifically focusing on brands, were researched. Employees in strategic positions were interviewed. Subsequently, thematic analysis was realized to extract findings from both instrumental and stewardship organizations. Findings Instrumental organizations focus on increasing their brand, mainly by following market demands. They sense opportunities via a hierarchical organizational structure that allows for incremental innovation based on internal competition. Stewardship organizations believe in a collective approach toward conducting business effectively. While building a “sustainable case for business”, a stewardship-oriented company senses by involving their stakeholders and seeks unorthodox opportunities using a long-term internal compass as a beacon for decision-making. Originality/value Key capabilities are revealed that allow businesses and managers to reach higher levels of sustainability in a specific sector: the apparel industry. Especially the capabilities of stewardship-oriented companies and its ambidexterity provide a fertile base for future research at the nexus of organization development and sustainability.

Proportion of cross-bred and selfed seed obtained from successive generations of winter bean (Vicia faba L.) crops

1987 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Bond ◽  
M. Pope
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Selfed Seed ◽  
The Third ◽  
Term Change ◽  
Vicia Faba L ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
Field Beans ◽  
Made In

SummaryThe proportions of cross-bred and selfed seed were estimated in up to four consecutive generations of Throws MS winter beans on three farms where farm-saved seed was regularly used.Within one stock the percentage of cross-breds rose a significant amount from 31 to 46, whilst in another stock no change was detected over four consecutive generations. On the third farm a change of stock mid-way through the period of the survey was associated with a highly significant increase in proportion of cross-breds.In general a rise in outcrossing was not followed by a significant fall as would be expected if cross-breds have a greater tendency than inbreds to self pollinate, but the possible role of a regulatory mechanism is discussed as are implications of the range in outcrossing within stocks for variety trials and commercial production of winter beans.Estimates of outcrossing frequency made in two crops in 1983 were slightly lower than some obtained in 1974–6 but no lower than those reported in 1951 thus providing no evidence of any long-term change in levels of natural cross-breeding in field beans in England.

Rural Road Delineation at Night: The Influence of Road-Side Post Location and Frequency on Curve Direction Estimates

1982 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Triggs ◽  
J. W. Meehan ◽  
W. G. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Condition ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Cost Benefits ◽  
The Road ◽  
Rural Road ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Laboratory Situation ◽  
Post Condition

Previous research has demonstrated the efficacy of road-side posts in providing long term delineation information. In order to explore the role of this type of cue further, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different road-post configurations on the judgements of curve direction by subjects. Specifically, the effect of positioning posts on the inside only, outside only, or both sides of the curve and the influence of post frequency along the road were examined. A range of road contours and distances to the commencement of curves were included in the experimental stimuli. Static views of rural road scenes were presented to subjects in a laboratory situation, and on each trial they were required to make speeded judgements of whether a right-hand or left-hand curve was presented. The results showed that road-side posts provide significantly better information if they are presented on the outside rather than the inside of the curve. Overall, posts on both sides of the road did not result in faster judgements than posts only on the outside of the curve. Subjects performed better in the higher-frequency post condition than in the lower frequency condition, but there was no marked interaction between the post frequency and post location variables. The findings have implications for the cost-benefits of rural road delineation schemes.

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