scholarly journals BULGARIA'S REAL CONVERGENCE IN THE CONTEXT OF POTENTIAL EMU MEMBERSHIP

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
Valentin Bilyanski ◽  
Silviya Kirova
Keyword(s):  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Banking Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Convergence Criteria ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Real Convergence ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Eu

Since the entry of Bulgaria into the European Union, the country's full membership in the Economic and Monetary Union has become one of the national economic policy goals. In the recent period Bulgaria fulfils all the nominal convergence criteria, except for the criterion on exchange rate stability as long as the country does not participate in the ERM II mechanism (although Bulgaria has a currency board arrangement in place since 1997 and the Bulgarian currency is pegged to the euro). Despite that, Bulgaria remains the EU member with the lowest level of GDP per capita and lowest productivity and income levels. In June 2018 the Bulgarian authorities submitted a letter of intent to the EU policy makers to join the ERM II mechanism and the banking union. In July 2020 the mutual agreement to include the Bulgarian lev in the ERM II mechanism and Bulgaria to join the banking union was achieved. In the context of the future full EMU membership it is important to assess the evolution and the state of Bulgaria's real convergence. This paper looks at the Bulgaria's real convergence, understood as the convergence of GDP per capita, labour productivity and convergence of price levels. We use the Beta and Sigma convergence methods and explore the convergence in the 1999-2018 period. We also compare Bulgaria's real convergence to the real convergence of other CEE countries that are EU members (Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia), part of which have already accepted the euro and the other part are still outside of the euroarea. We also try to explain the economic reasoning behind the EMU accession path of Bulgaria. The results of the survey show that Bulgaria lags behind in its convergence process from other CEE countries, but at the same time we believe that the benefits of the euroarea membership outweigh the possible negative consequences.

scholarly journals Pomoc publiczna na szkolenia pracowników a konkurencyjność gospodarki Unii Europejskiej

2017 ◽  
pp. 159-173
Author(s):  
Piotr Podsiadło
Keyword(s):  
State Aid ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Positive Externalities ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Eu

The paper discusses guidelines for implementation of art. 107-109 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, from the point of view of state aid for training. Training usually generates positive externalities for society as a whole, since it increases the pool of skilled workers from which other firms may draw, improves the competitiveness of the EU industry and plays an important role in the EU employment strategy. Statistical analysis was carried out on state aid granted by the EU Member States in the period 2001-2014 - from the perspective of its impact on competitiveness of these countries. This should lead to verification of thesis that the amount of state aid granted by the EU Member States for training, should positively correlate with the size of the GDP per capita of these countries

scholarly journals COMMENCEMENT OF NEGOTIATIONS AND A SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED PRESENCE OF THE EU AS THE BASIS OF STABLE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

2018 ◽  
pp. 147-166
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Eu Enlargement ◽  
Negotiation Process ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Slow Tempo ◽  
The Eu

It is important for Bosnia and Herzegovina, but also for the European Union, that the negotiation process begins as soon as possible. Real changes in the legal, administrative and political sense commence only with fulfilment of benchmarks for opening and closing of chapters. The negotiation process is also important for learning and progressing in the understanding of European policies which help to strengthen state institutions, democracy and openness to grow and result with stronger economic growth due to an increased level of trust and safety. It is important for the European Union that the country at the very heart of Europe, which belongs to Europe not only geographically, but also historicallyand in terms of tradition and culture becomes a part of it as soon as possible and also in terms of the standards it applies. In this paper we give an overview of recommendations that the European Commission has provided to Bosnia and Herzegovina since 2002, and it is precisely from the recommendations which are being repeated each year that the most important challenges which Bosnia and Herzegovina needs to solve are still visible. Rule of law, respecting human rights and rights of minorities, as well as the constitutionality of the three nations, in addition to a fast and efficient judicial system and the public sector as a whole are the key elements for fulfilling political, legal and administrative criteria. In terms of GDP per capita in PPS, B&H has been converging during the last ten years, however with a very slow tempo. Thereby in 2005 GDP per capita in PPS amounted to 24 % in relation to EU28, whereas during the last four years it amounted to 29%. At the moment B&H is significantly lagging behind even the least developed Member States and convergence towards the EU average is necessary because on the current level B&H could not equally participate in the EU Single Market, and accession would create more obstacles than advantages. The EU is expected to take a more active approach in solving the challenges of economic convergence of B&H, therefore in this paper is provided and overview of the priorities of the new EU Enlargement Strategy in which support to socioeconomic development is pointed out as one of the initiatives.

LATVIAN THEME PARK DEVELOPMENT IN KURZEME AND VIDZEME

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baiba Rivza ◽  
Uldis Plumite
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Theme Parks ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
National Economic Policy ◽  
The Eu

The economy of Latvia is experiencing rapid development in the European Union and is an active participant of the United Nations and North Atlantic Treaty Organization. In recent years there have been several changes in both sectors and national economic policy. The total population in Latvia was estimated at 1.9 million inhabitants in 2019 and a total GDP per capita was 63% of the EU average, the lowest GDP per capita in purchasing power parity was recorded in Bulgaria - 46% of the EU average, Romania - 60% and Croatia - 62%. Lithuanian and Estonian GDP per capita in 2019 was accounted for 74% of the EU average. Latvia has more than 12 theme parks, but the amusement offer is small. Most of the theme parks are mostly located in Kurzeme and Vidzeme. Attraction Parks historically evolved near the big cities, where the infrastructure is highly developed. The aim is to increase the influx of tourists in regions where tourism products are amusement parks, thus developing more local businesses and the city's environment, increasing the demand for an active economic environment, but regional laws often hinder this development.

scholarly journals Asymmetry of the economic development of cross-border areas in the European Union: assessment and typology

Europa XXI ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 45-62
Author(s):  
Andrzej Jakubowski
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Economic Sphere ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Border Areas ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Spatially Differentiated

The article aims to characterise the phenomenon, determine the degree, and analyse the dynamics and directions of change in the level of asymmetry of economic development of cross-border areas in the European Union (EU) based on GDP per capita (PPP). It also aims to propose a typology of cross-border areas in the EU considering the above criteria. The obtained results show that despite a relatively evident reduction of the level of asymmetry of economic development in many cases in the period 1990-2015, and particularly after 2004, many cross-border areas show significant disparities in the economic sphere. Moreover, the dynamics of the observed transformations remain spatially differentiated.

scholarly journals Estimating the Growth Effects of 2004 Eastern Enlargement of the European Union

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 128
Author(s):  
Andrzej Cieślik ◽  
Mehmet Burak Turgut
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Eu Enlargement ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eastern Enlargement ◽  
Growth Effects ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Eu

In this paper, we study the growth effects of the 2004 Eastern enlargement of the European Union (EU) using the synthetic control method. We estimate that this EU enlargement had an immediate but modest positive impact on the economic growth of the EU-8 countries in the first few years following their EU accession. The positive impact of the EU enlargement became more apparent from 2007 when the new EU member states were admitted into the Schengen zone. As a result, the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita difference between the actual and synthetic EU-8 continued to grow towards the end of the sample period. We found that over the entire 2004–2012 period, GDP per capita of the EU-8 was increased by about 2313 USD per year on average relative to the synthetic EU-8. The growth rate of the GDP per capita in the actual EU-8 for the same period was 2.7% larger than the synthetic EU-8.

scholarly journals A STUDY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE FOR TRANSPORT GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 513
Author(s):  
Nikola Petrović ◽  
Nebojša Bojović ◽  
Marijana Petrović ◽  
Vesna Jovanović
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu

In view of the European Union as one of the main polluters in the word and the fact that GDP per capita in the European Union is equivalent to the 282 percent of the world`s average, it is interesting to study the relationship between transport GHG emissions and the economic activity within the European Union. In the paper, the authors check the environment Kuznets curve hypothesis for members of the EU over the period 2000-2014. The analysis results show that an inverse-U relationship exists between transport GHG emissions and GDP per capita. At the same time, the results indicate that the change of economic structure has influenced the transport GHG emissions in the developed countries, that is, in the countries that record a higher level of GDP per capita.

scholarly journals Mapping the Access of Future Doctors to Health Information Technologies Training in the European Union: Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study

10.2196/14086 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. e14086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Giunti ◽  
Estefania Guisado-Fernandez ◽  
Hrvoje Belani ◽  
Juan R Lacalle-Remigio
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
Medical Schools ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Graduate Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Information Technologies ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Eu

Background Health information technologies (HITs) such as electronic health records (EHR) and telemedicine services are currently used to assist clinicians provide care to patients. There are many barriers to HIT adoption, including mismatches between investments and benefits, disruptions in the workflow, and concerns about privacy and confidentiality. The lack of HIT training of health professionals as a workforce is an increasingly recognized and understudied barrier. Objective The purpose of this study is to describe what courses on HIT topics are available at the graduate level for future health professionals in the European Union (EU) and to explore possible determining factors for their exposure to these courses. Methods A cross-sectional descriptive study of EU medical schools was performed to explore the prevalence of HIT courses. The curricula of all identified higher learning institutions that offer a medical degree were manually explored to identify graduate-level courses that offer specific training on HIT topics. HIT topics were defined as courses or subjects that provided knowledge on the design, development, use, and implementation of HIT. Associations among potential factors such as population, yearly medical graduates, total number of physicians, EHR presence, and gross domestic product (GDP) were explored. Results A total of 302 medical schools from the 28 member states of the EU were explored. Only about one-third (90/302, 29.80%) of all medical degree curricula offered any kind of HIT course at the graduate level; in the medical schools that offered HIT courses, the courses were often mandatory (58/90, 64.44%). In most EU countries, HIT courses are offered in less than half of the medical schools, regardless of the country’s GDP per capita. Countries with the highest percentages of HIT course presence have the lowest GDP per capita. There seems to be a weak inverse correlation (–0.49) between the two variables (GDP per capita and HIT course presence). There is a trend between the availability of medical human resources and an increase in the presence of HIT courses, with Romania, Croatia, and Greece as outliers in this respect. Conclusions The current state of medical training in the EU leaves much room for improvement. Further studies are required for in-depth analysis of the content and manner of instruction that would fit present and future needs of HIT.

scholarly journals Mapping the Access of Future Doctors to Health Information Technologies Training in the European Union: Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Giunti ◽  
Estefania Guisado-Fernandez ◽  
Hrvoje Belani ◽  
Juan R Lacalle-Remigio
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
Medical Schools ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Graduate Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Information Technologies ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Eu

BACKGROUND Health information technologies (HITs) such as electronic health records (EHR) and telemedicine services are currently used to assist clinicians provide care to patients. There are many barriers to HIT adoption, including mismatches between investments and benefits, disruptions in the workflow, and concerns about privacy and confidentiality. The lack of HIT training of health professionals as a workforce is an increasingly recognized and understudied barrier. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to describe what courses on HIT topics are available at the graduate level for future health professionals in the European Union (EU) and to explore possible determining factors for their exposure to these courses. METHODS A cross-sectional descriptive study of EU medical schools was performed to explore the prevalence of HIT courses. The curricula of all identified higher learning institutions that offer a medical degree were manually explored to identify graduate-level courses that offer specific training on HIT topics. HIT topics were defined as courses or subjects that provided knowledge on the design, development, use, and implementation of HIT. Associations among potential factors such as population, yearly medical graduates, total number of physicians, EHR presence, and gross domestic product (GDP) were explored. RESULTS A total of 302 medical schools from the 28 member states of the EU were explored. Only about one-third (90/302, 29.80%) of all medical degree curricula offered any kind of HIT course at the graduate level; in the medical schools that offered HIT courses, the courses were often mandatory (58/90, 64.44%). In most EU countries, HIT courses are offered in less than half of the medical schools, regardless of the country’s GDP per capita. Countries with the highest percentages of HIT course presence have the lowest GDP per capita. There seems to be a weak inverse correlation (–0.49) between the two variables (GDP per capita and HIT course presence). There is a trend between the availability of medical human resources and an increase in the presence of HIT courses, with Romania, Croatia, and Greece as outliers in this respect. CONCLUSIONS The current state of medical training in the EU leaves much room for improvement. Further studies are required for in-depth analysis of the content and manner of instruction that would fit present and future needs of HIT.

scholarly journals ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE BREXIT DISINTEGRATION PROCESS IN TRADE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaroslava Mudra
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Disintegration Process ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Statistical Trends ◽  
The Eu

The article examines the economic effects of the Brexit as the disintegration process, which is affected trade. It is noted that Brexit is one of the largest manifestations of disintegration processes in the European Union for the entire period of its existensing. The main economic indicators of Great Britain before leaving the European Union are analyzed. They are GDP, inflation rate, GDP per capita based on PPP, GDP per capita, unemployment rate. Analogies are made during 10 years of the UK's membership in the EU and shows the change in the dynamics during the transition phase in 2020. The main causal links leding to the growth and decline of statistics are indicated. The analogies between the data of 2020 and during the previous 10 years are made. Data on the growth and decline of GDP in the United Kingdom according to the forecasts of a number of global investment banks such as the Swiss UBS, Bank of America and Barclays, Goldman Sachs and others. The problems are considered in the trade’relations between Great Britain and the EU, had arosed after the end of the transition period, The negative effects of imbalances and inconsistencies in the mechanisms of crossing customs borders in export-import activities after January 1, 2021 are presented. The main negative factors, factors and circumstances that were influenced the significant decline in export-import activity in early 2021 are substantiated. Graphic statistical trends of British exports and imports with EU and non-EU countries are shown graphically. The main problems that have arisen in logistics chains are considered and the reasons for their occurrence are analyzed. The statistical changes in the foreign trade balance of Great Britain in the first quarter are reflected. 2021 in comparison with the IV quarter. 2020 and the reasons for the decline are substantiated. A separate list of changes taking place in the field of trade from January 1, 2021 in such areas as customs control, trade conditions and the mechanism of excise tax. The main legislative and regulatory documents that regulated the sphere of trade before and after Brexit are highlighted.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF INNOVATION ON THE EU MEMBER-COUNTRIES ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julija Bistrova ◽  
Natalja Lace
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Scientific Productivity ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Innovation Potential ◽  
Neoclassical Economic Theory ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu

Neoclassical economic theory states that the growth of the nation primarily is dependent on the innovation potential of the country. However, this theory is often being refuted by the recent empirical research, proving that the innovations are becoming more cost-extensive, late in generating return on invested capital and not as useful as they used to be. The present study researches the effect of innovation on the EU member-countries economic development, having selected R&D expenses, number of patents and number of researchers as innovation proxies. The results prove that there is a strong relationship between the R&D expenses and GDP growth as well as the labour productivity, but no evidence was found that the number of scientists or the number of patents significantly influence economic development of the country. The authors also ran a regression between the scientific productivity and impact and the GDP per capita to discover the strong relationship between the variables. However, the causality of the relationship should be studied further.

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