The Influence of Variation among Replicates on Repeatability

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Pitcovski ◽  
Ehud Shahar ◽  
Avigdor Cahaner
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Experimental Immunology ◽  
True Signal

This chapter first illustrates how a large number of observations can inform the design of a particular experiment intended to test rigorously the causes of the observed associations. It does so through the discussion and analysis of two case studies drawn from experimental immunology: (i) the efficacy of vaccines for Newcastle disease virus in poultry, and (ii) cancer immunotherapy. It then shows that it is important when repeating experiments to reproduce not only the expected result (i.e., the estimated mean value) but also to reduce the variability in estimates of the mean. Reduction in overall variance can be accomplished both with more precise measurements and by accounting for additional sources of error (covariates or “nuisance” variables). When potentially important covariates are recorded during an experiment, they can be included in the analysis of the data and help to isolate the true “signal” of the experimental treatment from the “noise” of the experimental environment.

Prevalence of Newcastle Disease Virus in Pakistan, its present status and future challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Poultry Products ◽  
Cost Impact ◽  
The World ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Major Industry

Newcastle disease is caused by Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) leads to severe morbidity and mortality in poultry throughout the world and considered as lentogenic, mesogenic or velogenic based on the mean death of the chicken embryo. The NDV velogenic strain is deadly endemic in Pakistan. Poultry is considered as the second major industry in Pakistan having annual growth of 8-10%. Unfortunately, the increase of NDV cases leads to severe cost impact, loss of production and livelihood. This review highlights the current status and epidemiology of NDV in Pakistan. Various genotypes and sub-genotypes have been identified in Pakistan. Various ND cases have been reported in Pakistan which has very bad consequences on the economy and dealing of poultry products.

scholarly journals Biological Pathotyping of Newcastle Disease Viruses in Sudan 2008–2013

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Egbal Sidahmed Abdelrahim Bilal ◽  
Iman Mohammed Elnasri ◽  
Aymen Mohamed Alhassan ◽  
Khalda Abdelaziz Khalifa ◽  
Jedddha Ibrahim Elhag ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Elution Time ◽  
Death Time ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Chicken Erythrocytes

The biological properties and pathogenicity of seven Newcastle disease virus field isolates were studied. These isolates were recovered from different outbreaks in Sudan (5 from chickens and 2 from pigeons) during 2008–2013. Based on intracerebral pathogenicity index, four NDV isolates were characterized as velogenic (their ICPI ranged 2.0–1.6) and three isolates were characterized as mesogenic (ICPI ranged 1.2–1.3). The mean death time for all isolates ranged from 54 to 76.8 hours. The elution time of the viruses from chicken erythrocytes and the ability to haemagglutinate mammalian red blood cells differed considerably in their reactions.

scholarly journals Oncolytic Newcastle disease virus delivered by Mesenchymal stem cells-engineered system enhances the therapeutic effects altering tumor microenvironment in a murine papillomavirus tumor model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
mohsen Keshavarz ◽  
Mir Saeed Ebrahimzadeh ◽  
Seyed Mohammad Miri ◽  
Hassan Dianat-Moghadam ◽  
Seyedeh Sara Ghorbanhosseini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Caspase 3

Abstract Background: Cervical cancer is the most common human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancer caused by persistent genital high-risk HPV infection. Cancer immunotherapy has represented great potential as a new promising cancer therapeutic approach. Here, we report Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a carrier for the delivery of oncolytic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) for the treatment of HPV-associated tumor.Methods: For this purpose, MSCs obtained from the bone marrow of C57BL mice, then cultured and characterized subsequently by the flow cytometry analysis for the presence of cell surface markers. In this study, we sought out to determine the impacts of MSCs loaded with oncolytic NDV on splenic T cell and cytokine immune responses, caspase-3 and -9 expression, and myeloid and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) by histological and immunohistochemical studies in the tumor microenvironment (TME).Results: our findings proved that MSCs possess both migratory capacity and tumor tropism toward transplanted tumor tissue after peritumoral administration. Tumor therapy experiments indicated that oncolytic NDV delivered by MSCs-engineered system significantly reduces tumor growth, which is associated with the enhancement of E7-specific lymphocyte proliferation, CD8+ T cell cytolysis responses, and splenic IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-12 responses compared with control groups. Moreover, the treatment upregulated the concentration of apoptotic proteins (caspase 3 and 9) and increased infiltration of tumor microenvironment with CD11b+myeloid and Gr1+MDSCs cells.Conclusions: Our data suggest MSCs carrying oncolytic NDV as a potentially effective strategy for cancer immunotherapy through inducing splenic Th1 immune responses and MDSCs expansion in the tumor microenvironment.

scholarly journals The efficacy of binary ethylenimine-inactivated vaccines of Gianyar-1/AK/2014 virulent strain in protecting chickens against Tabanan-1/ARP/2017 virulent Newcastle disease virus isolates

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 758-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anak Agung Ayu Mirah Adi ◽  
I Nyoman Mantik Astawa ◽  
I Gusti Agung Arta Putra
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Inactivated Vaccines ◽  
The Mean

Aim: This study aimed to prepare binary ethylenimine (BEI)-inactivated virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine and to examine their ability to induce a protective antibody response in commercial chickens. Materials and Methods: A virulent NDV field isolate Gianyar-1/AK/2014 was propagated in chicken-embryonated eggs and was then inactivated with BEI at a concentration of 4 mM. Three groups of chickens with low-level (2 log2 hemagglutination inhibition [HI] units) maternally derived antibodies against NDV were then immunized with the BEI-inactivated vaccine. A commercial live vaccine (LaSota strain) was used as positive control, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was used as negative control. A challenge experiment with a virulent NDV of Tabanan-1/ARP/2017 was performed at 3 weeks post-vaccination. Results: At 2 weeks post-immunization, the mean titers of antibodies against NDV in serum samples of chickens immunized with 0.2 mL of BEI-inactivated NDV (Group I), with live commercial NDV vaccine (Group II) and with PBS (Group III) were 3±0.94 log2 HI units, 4.9±0.99 log2 HI unit, and 0.0±0.0 HI units, respectively. At week 3 post-immunization, the mean titers of the antibodies for the three groups were 5±1.09 log2 HI units, 6.9±0.32 log2 HI units, and 0.00 HI units, respectively. The antibody titer induced by inactivated NDV Gianyar-1/AK/2014 isolates examined at 2 and 3 weeks post-vaccination was still at a significantly (p<0.01) lower level as compared to those induced by commercial life vaccine. However, the challenge test with virulent NDV of Tabanan 1/ARP/2017 isolates showed that all immunized chickens (Group I and II) survived without exhibiting any clinical sign post-challenge with the protection rates of 100%, whereas all chickens injected with PBS (Group III) died with clinical signs of ND. Conclusion: This finding shows that the BEI-inactivated vaccines prepared using virulent NDV of Gianyar-1/AK/2014 strain was able to induce protective antibody response in chickens but still at a lower level than those induce by commercial live NDV vaccine.

scholarly journals Oncolytic Newcastle disease virus delivered by Mesenchymal stem cells-engineered system enhances the therapeutic effects altering tumor microenvironment

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Keshavarz ◽  
Mir Saeed Ebrahimzadeh ◽  
Seyed Mohammad Miri ◽  
Hassan Dianat-Moghadam ◽  
Seyedeh Sara Ghorbanhosseini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Effects

Abstract Background Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated malignancy remain a main cause of cancer in men and women. Cancer immunotherapy has represented great potential as a new promising cancer therapeutic approach. Here, we report Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a carrier for the delivery of oncolytic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) for the treatment of HPV-associated tumor. Methods For this purpose, MSCs obtained from the bone marrow of C57BL mice, then cultured and characterized subsequently by the flow cytometry analysis for the presence of cell surface markers. In this study, we sought out to determine the impacts of MSCs loaded with oncolytic NDV on splenic T cell and cytokine immune responses, caspase-3 and -9 expression, and myeloid and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) by histological and immunohistochemical studies in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Results Our findings proved that MSCs possess both migratory capacity and tumor tropism toward transplanted tumor tissue after peritumoral administration. Tumor therapy experiments indicated that oncolytic NDV delivered by MSCs-engineered system significantly reduces tumor growth, which is associated with the enhancement of E7-specific lymphocyte proliferation, CD8+ T cell cytolysis responses, and splenic IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-12 responses compared with control groups. Moreover, the treatment upregulated the concentration of apoptotic proteins (caspase 9) and increased infiltration of tumor microenvironment with CD11b + myeloid and Gr1 + MDSCs cells. Conclusions Our data suggest MSCs carrying oncolytic NDV as a potentially effective strategy for cancer immunotherapy through inducing splenic Th1 immune responses and apoptosis in the tumor microenvironment.

scholarly journals A Case of Newcastle Disease Virus in Red-Headed Lovebird in Sudan

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Egbal Sidahmed Abdelrahim ◽  
Jedda Elhag
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Veterinary Research Institute ◽  
Death Time ◽  
Veterinary Research ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Avian Diseases ◽  
Allantoic Cavity ◽  
Research Institute

Two diseased red-headed lovebirds were presented for diagnosis to the Department of Avian Diseases and Diagnosis,Veterinary Research Institute, aged 37 days and 4 years. The symptoms were dyspnea, cyanosis of the comb, diarrhea, and fever. Postmortem lesions included pale liver and bloody enteritis. Newcastle disease virus was isolated from lungs, trachea, and intestines following inoculation in the allantoic cavity of 10-day-old fertile eggs; the NDV was identified by the means of HA&HI tests using specific NDV antisera (Lasota strain). The isolate agglutinated equine RBCs but failed to agglutinate sheep and bovine RBCs. The pathogenicity of the NDV isolate was studied, the mean death time was 96 hours, and the intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) value was 0.9, indicating the isolate of lentogenic type.

scholarly journals Oncolytic Newcastle disease virus delivered by Mesenchymal stem cells-engineered system enhances the therapeutic effects altering tumor microenvironment 

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
mohsen Keshavarz ◽  
Mir Saeed Ebrahimzadeh ◽  
Seyed Mohammad Miri ◽  
Hassan Dianat-Moghadam ◽  
Seyedeh Sara Ghorbanhosseini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Effects

Abstract Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated malignancy remain a main cause of cancer in men and women. Cancer immunotherapy has represented great potential as a new promising cancer therapeutic approach. Here, we report Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a carrier for the delivery of oncolytic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) for the treatment of HPV-associated tumor.Methods: For this purpose, MSCs obtained from the bone marrow of C57BL mice, then cultured and characterized subsequently by the flow cytometry analysis for the presence of cell surface markers. In this study, we sought out to determine the impacts of MSCs loaded with oncolytic NDV on splenic T cell and cytokine immune responses, caspase-3 and -9 expression, and myeloid and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) by histological and immunohistochemical studies in the tumor microenvironment (TME).Results: our findings proved that MSCs possess both migratory capacity and tumor tropism toward transplanted tumor tissue after peritumoral administration. Tumor therapy experiments indicated that oncolytic NDV delivered by MSCs-engineered system significantly reduces tumor growth, which is associated with the enhancement of E7-specific lymphocyte proliferation, CD8+ T cell cytolysis responses, and splenic IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-12 responses compared with control groups. Moreover, the treatment upregulated the concentration of apoptotic proteins (caspase 9) and increased infiltration of tumor microenvironment with CD11b+myeloid and Gr1+MDSCs cells.Conclusions: Our data suggest MSCs carrying oncolytic NDV as a potentially effective strategy for cancer immunotherapy through inducing splenic Th1 immune responses and apoptosis in the tumor microenvironment.

scholarly journals Characterization of Newcastle disease virus isolates from caged birds in Bangladesh

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-116
Author(s):  
MA Amin ◽  
MM Amin ◽  
MSR Khan ◽  
KA Choudhury ◽  
MNA Siddiky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Haemagglutination Test ◽  
Death Time ◽  
Haemagglutinating Activity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Bovine Erythrocytes ◽  
Virus Isolates

Two isolates of Newcastle disease virus from two different caged birds, one from a parrot and another from a kakatoa were characterized during the period from July 2001 to October 2002. In HA tests both the isolates haemagglutinated chicken and guineapig erythrocytes but the parrot isolate was found refractory to bovine and equine erythrocytes and the kakatoa isolate to bovine erythrocytes. In elution tests, the parrot isolate was found to be a rapid eluter and the kakatoa isolate as slow eluter. Both the isolates were found to be heat-unstable in relation to haemagglutinating activity and embryo-infectivity. The mean death time (MDT) of the parrot and kakatoa isolates were 57.6 hours and 117.6 hours and the intracerebral pathogenicity indices (ICPl) were 1.58 and 0.45 respectively. So, the parrot isolate was found as the velogenic strain and the kakatoa isolate as the lentogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus.Key words: Caged bird; NDV; mean death time; ICPI; haemagglutination test. elution testdoi: 10.3329/bjvm.v2i2.2541Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2004). 2 (2): 113-116

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