Using unbalanced panel data from the small and medium enterprise surveys in 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, and 2015, this chapter investigates factors associated with informality in Vietnam. We assume that household businesses, especially the top tier firms, become formal either because they perceive benefits of formalization such as an increase in the household performance, or because they want to escape bribes and harassment. Using the random effects model with controlling for the pre-formalization trends, our results show that productive household businesses stay informal because net costs from tax payment may surpass net benefits from formalization. Moreover, government controls do not promote formalization, especially among the ‘upper’ tiers of informal households. Our findings raise suspicions of collusion corruption between informal households in top tiers and officials. Future steps could be qualitative and quantitative studies to investigate collusion corruption as a determinant of informality in developing countries.