440 A study of fire behavior in a compartment with an activation of fire suppression system : Part2 Outline of additional experiment and heat release rate

Based on statistical data in recent years, there are still quite a number of ship accidents due to fires, including on passenger ships. The water mist system is a fire suppression system that allows it to be used in the engine room with the advantage that it can keep the heat production rate low during the extinguishing process and can be operated earlier than the CO2 system. The research is conducted by using fire dynamic simulator in the engine room of a 300 GT ferry ro-ro passenger to compare the heat release rate of fire without an extinguishing system, an existing CO2 system, and a water mist system. The result shows that the CO2 fire suppression system reduces the heat release rate more rapidly to the decay phase at 375 seconds while the water mist takes more than 900 seconds. However, the fully developed phase of the water mist suppression system occurs more quickly than CO2 because the sprinklers are activated shortly after a fire occurs. Unlike water mist, the CO2 system is activated at 60 seconds so that the pre-combustion, growth, flashover, and fully developed phases are at the same HRR and time as the natural one.

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Heat release rate of wooden cribs with water application for fire suppression

Fire Safety Journal ◽

10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.10.002 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 95 ◽

pp. 170-179 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Masaki Noaki ◽

Michael A. Delichatsios ◽

Jun-ichi Yamaguchi ◽

Yoshifumi Ohmiya

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Heat Release Rate ◽

Release Rate ◽

Fire Suppression ◽

Water Application

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Experimental Study on Occurrence Limit Heat Release Rate of Flashover in a Building Fire

Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation ◽

10.9798/kosham.2021.21.2.65 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 65-71

Author(s):

Seunggoo Kang ◽

Yi Chul Shin

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Heat Release ◽

Heat Release Rate ◽

Release Rate ◽

Large Scale ◽

Fire Behavior ◽

Design Calculation ◽

Building Fire ◽

Fire Source ◽

Combustion Tests

In this study, to allow the flashover to occur, combustion tests were conducted by setting the conditions of a fire source using a large-scale compartment and changing the opening condition. As a result, the inside temperature of the compartment was measured under the fire source conditions. Moreover, according to the “Handbook on Design Calculation Methods of Fire Behavior” by the Architectural Institute of Japan, the validity of the heat release rate required for the flashover to occur was verified through the correlation between <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>Q</mi><mrow><mi>F</mi><mi>O</mi></mrow></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>Q</mi><mrow><mi>v</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>A</mi><mi>T</mi></msub><msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>k</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>c</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>c</mi><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow></msub><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn><mi>A</mi><msup><mi>H</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math>.

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Experimental Study on the Measurement of Fire Behavior and Heat Release Rate in Building Compartment Space - Focus on Full Scale Fire Test of the Bed Mattress -

Fire science and engineering ◽

10.7731/kifse.2018.32.6.028 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 32 (6) ◽

pp. 28-33

Author(s):

Bo-Youl Seo ◽

Woo-Bin Jang ◽

Kye-Won Park ◽

Won-Hwa Hong

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Heat Release ◽

Heat Release Rate ◽

Release Rate ◽

Fire Test ◽

Fire Behavior ◽

Full Scale

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Bench-scale experimental study on the fire behavior of electric cable arrays by considering different layouts

Journal of Fire Sciences ◽

10.1177/07349041211043238 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 073490412110432

Author(s):

Zhou Cai ◽

Xiao Chen ◽

Jiaqing Zhang ◽

Shouxiang Lu

Keyword(s):

Heat Flux ◽

Heat Release ◽

Heat Release Rate ◽

Release Rate ◽

Fire Behavior ◽

Radiant Heat ◽

Radiant Heat Flux ◽

Total Heat Release ◽

Electric Cable ◽

Peak Heat Release Rate

The effect of different cable layouts on the fire behavior of electric cable arrays was experimentally studied. The influence of external heat flux on cable fire characteristics was investigated. Several parameters for electrical cables such as the post-burning morphology, ignition time, heat release rate, peak heat release rate and total heat release were obtained. The results show that cable layouts could affect cable charring degrees according to the post-burning morphology. A linear relationship was found in the transformed form of time to ignition and radiant heat flux, and the critical radiant heat flux value for the single cable array appeared smaller than that for the other two layouts. The peak heat release rate for Cables A–D with the single array presents the increasing trend with an increase in radiant heat flux, while the two parallel and intersectional cable arrays present the different trends. Moreover, the total heat release values of Cables A–D in the different cable layouts were analyzed. This work provides the basic data and preliminary investigation to fire engineering of cable arrays with the different layouts.

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Influence of fiberglass mesh on flammability of EPS used as insulation of buildings

Thermal Science ◽

10.2298/tsci160405173x ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 1025-1036

Author(s):

Qiang Xu ◽

Cong Jin ◽

Gregory Griffin ◽

Jordan Hristov ◽

Dejan Cvetinovic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Heat Release Rate ◽

Release Rate ◽

Fire Behavior ◽

Fire Spread ◽

Expanded Polystyrene ◽

Heat Fluxes ◽

Release Capacity ◽

Heat Release Capacity ◽

Combustion Calorimeter

Different scale tests to explore the influence of fiberglass mesh on the fire behavior of expanded polystyrene (EPS) have been conducted. Micro scale combustion calorimeter to measure the heat release rate per unit mass, heat release capacity, and the total heat release of EPS and as well as the fiberglass for milligram specimen mass has been used. Cone colorimeter bench scale burning tests with the EPS specimens and EPS-fiberglass compound specimens have been carried out. The heat release rate per unit area, ignition times, and the derived minimum igniting heat fluxes were determined. Comparative burning tests on the fire spread tendency of EPS and EPS-fiberglass compound specimens have been carried out. It was established that the fiberglass mesh stabilizes the EPS fire as a wick fire due to the adherence of the melting polystyrene adheres to the fiberglass mesh and this causes an upwards fire spread.

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A Study on the Heat Release Characteristics of Fire Load for Performance Based Design of Multiplexes: A Focus on the Heat Release Rate and Fire Spread Rate of Cinema Seats

Fire science and engineering ◽

10.7731/kifse.2020.34.1.011 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 11-17

Author(s):

Dong-Gun Nam ◽

Hyo-Yeon Jang ◽

Cheol-Hong Hwang ◽

Ohk-Kun Lim

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Heat Release Rate ◽

Release Rate ◽

Fire Behavior ◽

Fire Spread ◽

Performance Based Design ◽

Unit Mass ◽

Spread Rate ◽

Fire Hazards ◽

Evacuation Safety

As performance-based design (PBD) has a direct impact on evacuation safety assessments, designing fire scenarios based on real fire tests is essential. To improve the reliability of the PBD for fire safety in multiplexes, information on fire behavior, such as heat release rate (HRR) and fire spread rate, are provided in this study by conducting a standard fabric flammability test. To this end, several chairs were arranged in a pattern that resembled a theater-style seating. The peak HRR and heating value per unit mass for each chair ranged from 415 kW to 988 kW and 15.2 MJ/kg to 23.8 MJ/kg, respectively. The heating values per unit mass of the new and old chairs were 23.6 MJ/kg and 16.7 MJ/kg, respectively. As the quantity of plastic and cushioning materials in the new chairs was more than that of the old ones, the new chairs were more vulnerable to fire hazards. Furthermore, when the chairs were arranged in a line, the fire spread rate was observed to be 0.39–0.42 m/min, regardless of the ignition location. Finally, a fire growth curve showing the peak HRR and fire spread rate was also demonstrated.

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Analysis of the Fire Behavior of Polymers (PP, PA 6 and PE-LD) and Their Improvement Using Various Flame Retardants

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13245756 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (24) ◽

pp. 5756

Author(s):

Dieter Hohenwarter ◽

Hannelore Mattausch ◽

Christopher Fischer ◽

Matthias Berger ◽

Bernd Haar

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Heat Release Rate ◽

Release Rate ◽

Radiation Intensity ◽

Cone Calorimeter ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Fire Behavior ◽

Expandable Graphite ◽

Aging Effects

The fire behavior of polymers is examined primarily with the time-dependent heat release rate (HRR) measured with a cone calorimeter. The HRR is used to examine the fire behavior of materials with and without flame retardants, especially Polypropylene (PP-Copo) and Polyethylene (PE-LD). Polypropylene is stored for up to 99 days under normal conditions and the heat release rate shows especially changes about 100 s after irradiation with cone calorimeter, which may be caused by aging effects. The effect of crosslinking to the burning behavior of PP was examined too. Polyamides (PA 6) are irradiated with a radiation intensity of 25 kW/m2 to 95 kW/m2 and fire-related principles between radiation intensity and time to ignition can be derived from the measurement results. In order to comprehensively investigate the fire behavior of PP (also with flame retardant additives), the samples were also exposed to a flame, according to UL 94 with small power (50 W) and is inflamed with the power of a few 100 W. The irradiation causes different trigger mechanisms for the flame retardant additives in a plastic than the flame exposure. It is shown that the compound, which is favorable for irradiation, is not necessarily good for flame exposure. It can be seen that expandable graphite alone or with the addition of other additives is a very effective flame retardant for PP.

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