Distribution of Soil Bulk Density and Organic Matter along an Elevation Gradient in Central Oklahoma

2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 1749-1757 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. K. Northup ◽  
J. A. Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Elevation Gradient ◽  
Soil Bulk Density

scholarly journals Aspen and white spruce productivity is reduced by organic matter removal and soil compaction

2012 ◽  
Vol 88 (03) ◽  
pp. 306-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Kabzems
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Organic Matter Removal

Declines in forest productivity have been linked to losses of organic matter and soil porosity. To assess how removal of organic matter and soil compaction affect short-term ecosystem dynamics, pre-treatment and year 1, 5 and 10 post-treatment soil properties and post-treatment plant community responses were examined in a boreal trembling aspen (Populus tremuloidesMichx.)-dominated ecosystem in northeastern British Columbia. The experiment used a completely randomized design with three levels of organic matter removal (tree stems only; stems and slash; stems, slash and forest floor) and three levels of soil compaction (none, intermediate [2-cm impression], heavy [5-cm impression]). Removal of the forest floor initially stimulated aspen regeneration and significantly reduced height growth of aspen (198 cm compared to 472–480 cm) as well as white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) height (82 cm compared to 154–156 cm). The compaction treatments had no effect on aspen regeneration density. At Year 10, heights of both aspen and white spruce were negatively correlated with upper mineral soil bulk density and were lowest on forest floor + whole tree removal treatments. Recovery of soil properties was occurring in the 0 cm to 2 cm layer of mineral soil. Bulk density values for the 0 cm to 10 cm depth remained above 86% of the maximum bulk density for the site, a soil condition where reduced tree growth can be expected.

Soil hydrology and vegetation as impacted by goat grazing in Vertisols and Regosols in semi-arid shrublands of northern Mexico

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nallely A. Carbajal-Morón ◽  
Mario G. Manzano ◽  
Ricardo Mata-González
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Hydrology ◽  
Goat Grazing ◽  
Heavy Grazing ◽  
The World ◽  
Tamaulipan Thornscrub

Shrubland ecosystems are less studied than grasslands regarding the role of domestic grazing on ecosystem degradation in the world, but particularly in Mexico. Of special concern is the paucity of research on soil hydrological responses to the impact of livestock. Here, we assessed the role that specific soil and surface characteristics play in soil hydrology as a response to goat grazing intensity in two different soil types, Regosol and Vertisol, in the Tamaulipan thornscrub of north-eastern Mexico. At each soil unit, a set of grazing regimes was identified, including heavy grazing (HG), moderate grazing (MG) and a no-grazing (NG) reference area, and selected soil properties and plant cover were evaluated. In Regosol sites, soil organic matter varied among all grazing regimes (4.6% higher on NG and 2.1% higher on MG with respect HG) and no dissimilarities on bulk density were recorded. For Vertisol sites, soil bulk density increased with grazing intensity (16% higher on MG and 37% higher on HG with respect to NG) whereas plant cover linearly decreased from 86% in NG to 29% in MG and 9% in HG sites. Soil organic matter content for Regosol, and plant cover and soil bulk density for Vertisol appeared as the best indicators of water infiltration and moisture retention for the grazing conditions assessed. Differences in those key driving variables may help explain surface hydrology responses to goat grazing in rangeland soils of Tamaulipan thornscrub ecosystems and possibly on similar rangelands around the world. Clear signs of vegetation degradation were also observed, manifested by a loss in species diversity and plant cover, especially under heavy grazing. This reflects unsustainable livestock management practices that should be avoided. This study contributes to improve our understanding of rangeland degradation processes and justifies devising more sustainable grazing management schemes.

Influence of organic waste amendments on selected soil physical and chemical properties

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Zebarth ◽  
G. H. Neilsen ◽  
E. Hogue ◽  
D. Neilsen
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Exchange Capacity

Sandy, infertile soils can benefit from the addition of organic waste amendments. Annual applications of organic wastes for as long as 4 yr increased soil organic matter content, decreased soil bulk density, and increased soil water retention of a coarse-textured soil. However, soil water-holding capacity was not necessarily increased, and there was a limited effect on soil cation exchange capacity. Key words: Cation exchange capacity, water retention, soil pH, soil organic matter, soil bulk density

scholarly journals Estimation of the density of the clay-organic complex in soil

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa A. Czyż ◽  
Anthony R. Dexter
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Gas Content ◽  
Effective Density ◽  
Organic Complex ◽  
Arable Soils

Abstract Soil bulk density was investigated as a function of soil contents of clay and organic matter in arable agricultural soils at a range of locations. The contents of clay and organic matter were used in an algorithmic procedure to calculate the amounts of clay-organic complex in the soils. Values of soil bulk density as a function of soil organic matter content were used to estimate the amount of pore space occupied by unit amount of complex. These estimations show that the effective density of the clay-organic matter complex is very low with a mean value of 0.17 ± 0.04 g ml−1 in arable soils. This value is much smaller than the soil bulk density and smaller than any of the other components of the soil considered separately (with the exception of the gas content). This low value suggests that the clay-soil complex has an extremely porous and open structure. When the complex is considered as a separate phase in soil, it can account for the observed reduction of bulk density with increasing content of organic matter.

scholarly journals Physical properties of an Alfisol and no-till soybean yield

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 253-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Tavares Filho ◽  
Maria de Fátima Guimarães ◽  
Pierre Curmi ◽  
Daniel Tessier
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Annual Crops ◽  
No Till

It is known that any kind of soil management causes changes in the soil physical characteristics and can affect agricultural yield. The purpose of this study was to evaluate soil properties of an Alfisol and soybean yield under different management systems for no-tillage annual crops, no-tillage with chiseling and no-tillage crop rotation. The 11-year experiment was initiated in the 1998/99 growing season, on 100 x 30 m plots (11 % slope). Soil samples (5 per management system) were systematically collected (0-25 cm layer) in the summer growing season, to quantify soil organic matter, bulk density, macroporosity and flocculation, as well as soybean yield. The highest values for soil bulk density and organic matter content and the lowest for macroporosity were observed in the no-till system alone, whereas in the no-till system with quarterly chiseling the values for organic matter content were lowest, and no-tillage crop rotation resulted in the highest values for organic matter and macroporosity, and the lowest for soil bulk density. The average soybean yield was highest under no-till and trimestrial chiseling or crop rotation, and lowest for no-tillage annual crops no-tillage annual crops alone.

scholarly journals AJUSTE DE VARIOGRAMAS NO ESTUDO DA CONTINUIDADE ESPACIAL DE ATRIBUTOS FÍSICOS DO SOLO

Irriga ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalino M. Gomes ◽  
Carlos R. de Mello ◽  
Manoel A. de Faria ◽  
Antônio M. da Silva ◽  
Marcelo S. de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Using Data

AJUSTE DE VARIOGRAMAS NO ESTUDO DA CONTINUIDADE ESPACIAL DE ATRIBUTOS FÍSICOS DO SOLO  Natalino M. Gomes1; Carlos R. de Mello2;  Manoel A. de Faria2; Antônio M. da Silva2; Marcelo S. de Oliveira31Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, [email protected] de Engenharia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG3Departamento de Ciências Exatas, 1Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG  1 RESUMO Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a seleção de métodos e modelos de ajuste de variogramas aplicados a atributos físicos do solo, importante etapa na análise da estrutura de continuidade espacial. O trabalho foi desenvolvido a partir de dados de: densidade do solo (Ds), teor de matéria orgânica (MO), argila dispersa em água (ADA) e frações texturais – areia, silte e argila, coletados na camada de0 a0,15 mna bacia hidrográfica do ribeirão da Marcela, Região Alto Rio Grande, obedecendo grid quadrado de240 mx240 m(macro escala) e60 mx60 mmicroescala, totalizando 165 pontos amostrais. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva e geoestatística, com o ajuste de variogramas do tipo esférico e exponencial pelos métodos dos quadrados mínimos ponderados (QMP) e máxima verossimilhança (MV), utilizando o programa GeoR. Os valores de coeficiente de variação para a densidade do solo e teor de argila foram da ordem de 9,02% e 12,01%, respectivamente, superior a 30% para os demais atributos. Observou-se ocorrência de dependência espacial para todos os atributos, com grau moderado (25% £ GD £ 75%) para densidade do solo e forte (GD > 75%) para os demais. Constatou-se também ligeira superioridade do ajuste feito por máxima verossimilhança para o modelo exponencial para todos os atributos, exceção feita à matéria orgânica, cujo melhor modelo foi o esférico ajustado por quadrados mínimos ponderados. UNITERMOS: Geoestatística, quadrados mínimos ponderados, máxima verossimilhança.  GOMES, N. M.; MELLO, C. R. de; FARIA, M. A. de; SILVA, A. M. da; OLIVEIRA, M. S. de. VARIOGRAM ADJUSTMENT FOR CONTINUITY SPATIAL STUDY OFSOIL PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS  2 ABSTRACT  This study aimed to examine the selection of methods and models of variograms adjustment applied to soil physical characteristics because it is an important stage of the continuity spatial structure analysis. This study was developed using data from soil bulk density (BD), organic matter (OM), clay water disperses (CWD), and particle-size distribution – sand, silt and clay. Soil samples were collected from 0-0.15-m layer, in Ribeirão Marcela Watershed, Alto Rio Grande region, Minas Gerais state, following a 240m x 240m  square grid (macro-scale) and a 60m x 60m one(micro-scale), summing up 165 sampled points. Data were submitted to descriptive statistical and geostatistical analyses, with spherical and exponential variogram models, through weighted minimum square (QMP) and maximum likelihood (MV) methods, using a GeoR software. Variation coefficient values for soil bulk density and clay percentage were higher than the other studied variables. Spatial dependence was observed for all variables, with moderate degree (25% £ GD £ 75%) for soil bulk density and strong (GD > 75%), for the others. A slightly superior exponential model, adjusted by maximum likelihood for all variables, except for organic matter, was verified. The best model was the spherical one, adjusted by weighted minimum square. KEYWORDS: Geostatistics, weighted minimum square, maximum likelihood

A pedo-transfer function (PTF) for estimating soil bulk density from basic soil data and its comparison with existing PTFs

Soil Research ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravinder Kaur ◽  
Sanjeev Kumar ◽  
H. P. Gurung
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Relative Errors

Collection of non-destructive soil core samples for determination of bulk densities is costly, difficult, time- consuming, and often impractical. To overcome this difficulty, several attempts have been made in the past to estimate soil bulk densities through pedo-transfer functions (PTFs), requiring soil texture and organic carbon (OC) content data. Although many studies have shown that both organic carbon and texture predominantly determine soil bulk density, a majority of the PTFs developed so far are a function only of organic matter (OM)/OC. In addition, no attempts have been made to test and compare the applicability of these PTFs on an independent soil data set. Thus, through this study efforts have been made not only to develop a robust soil bulk density estimating PTF, based on both soil texture and organic carbon content data, but also to compare its predictive potential with the existing PTFs on an independent soil data set from 4 ecologically diverse micro-watersheds in Almora district of Uttaranchal State in India. Effects of varying levels of soil particle size distributions and/or OC/OM contents on the absolute relative errors associated with these PTFs were also analysed for assessing their applicability to the independent soil data set. Amongst the existing PTFs, Curtis and Post, Adams, Federer, and Huntington-A methods were found to be associated with positive bias or mean errors (ME) and root mean square prediction differences (RMSPD) ranging between 0.10 and 0.38, and between 0.23 and 0.45, respectively, whereas Alexander-A, Alexander-B, Manrique and Jones-A, Manrique and Jones-B, and Rawls methods were found to be associated with negative ME and RMSPD values ranging between -0.08 and -0.15, and 0.18 and 0.23, respectively. In contrast, Bernoux, Huntington-B, and Tomasella and Hodnett-PTFs, with RMSPD values ranging between 0.18 and 0.20, were the only methods associated with little or no bias. However, on comparing the predictive potential of the existing PTFs, in terms of their 1 : 1 relationships between the observed and predicted soil bulk densities and ME and RMSPD values, only Manrique and Jones-B (ME: -0.08; RMSPD: 0.18), Alexander-A (ME: -0.08; RMSPD: 0.19), and Rawls (ME: -0.11; RMSPD: 0.22) methods were observed to give somewhat more realistic soil bulk density estimations. The study revealed very limited predictive potential of the existing PTFs, due to their development on specific soils and/or ecosystems, use of an indirectly computed organic matter (instead of directly measured organic carbon) content as a predictor variable, poor predictive potential of developed regression model(s), and/or subjective errors. In contrast to this, the new soil bulk density estimating PTF was found to be associated with far better 1 : 1 relationship between the observed and predicted soil bulk densities and zero ME (or bias) and lowest (0.15 g/cm3) RMSPD values. The absolute relative errors associated with both the new and the existing soil OC/OM and texture-dependent PTFs were observed to be almost insensitive to the varying levels of silt and clay. However, compared with the existing PTFs, these errors associated with the new PTF were observed to be much more insensitive to the varying levels of OC/OM, thereby indicating the applicability of the new PTF to a wide range of soil types.

scholarly journals Uncertainties in the prediction of spatial variability of soil CO2 emissions and related properties

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 1466-1475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel De Bortoli Teixeira ◽  
Elton da Silva Bicalho ◽  
Alan Rodrigo Panosso ◽  
Luciano Ito Perillo ◽  
Juliano Luciani Iamaguti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Ordinary Kriging ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Co2 ◽  
Soil Co2 Emission

The soil CO2 emission has high spatial variability because it depends strongly on soil properties. The purpose of this study was to (i) characterize the spatial variability of soil respiration and related properties, (ii) evaluate the accuracy of results of the ordinary kriging method and sequential Gaussian simulation, and (iii) evaluate the uncertainty in predicting the spatial variability of soil CO2 emission and other properties using sequential Gaussian simulations. The study was conducted in a sugarcane area, using a regular sampling grid with 141 points, where soil CO2 emission, soil temperature, air-filled pore space, soil organic matter and soil bulk density were evaluated. All variables showed spatial dependence structure. The soil CO2 emission was positively correlated with organic matter (r = 0.25, p < 0.05) and air-filled pore space (r = 0.27, p < 0.01) and negatively with soil bulk density (r = -0.41, p < 0.01). However, when the estimated spatial values were considered, the air-filled pore space was the variable mainly responsible for the spatial characteristics of soil respiration, with a correlation of 0.26 (p < 0.01). For all variables, individual simulations represented the cumulative distribution functions and variograms better than ordinary kriging and E-type estimates. The greatest uncertainties in predicting soil CO2 emission were associated with areas with the highest estimated values, which produced estimates from 0.18 to 1.85 t CO2 ha-1, according to the different scenarios considered. The knowledge of the uncertainties generated by the different scenarios can be used in inventories of greenhouse gases, to provide conservative estimates of the potential emission of these gases.

RELATIONS ENTRE LA TENEUR EN MATIÈRE ORGANIQUE ET LA MASSE VOLUMIQUE APPARENTE DU SOL

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 743-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. ANGERS ◽  
R. R. SIMARD
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soil Organic Matter Content ◽  
Masse Volumique

As a part of a study on soil compaction, measurements of soil bulk density were taken three times during the season at five sites and three depths. Strong negative correlations were obtained between soil organic matter content and (1) soil bulk density and, (2) the increase in bulk density during the season. Key words: Bulk density, compaction, organic matter

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