Instrumented Soil Bin for Testing Soil-Engaging Tools

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad R. Mahadi ◽  
Ying Chen ◽  
Pieter Botha
Keyword(s):  
Tilt Angle ◽  
Cutting Forces ◽  
Travel Speed ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Test Tool ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Draft Force ◽  
Soil Cutting ◽  
Soil Bin

Abstract. An indoor soil bin was developed in this study for testing soil-engaging tools. The design criteria included that the soil bin had to be compact, well controlled in its operational parameters, instrumented to measure soil cutting forces, and be safe to operate. The test tool could travel at any specific speed, up to 8 km h-1. A compact dynamometer was designed for the soil bin for measuring soil cutting forces in three directions. The calibration results of the dynamometer showed a linear relationship between the loads and the output voltages, with coefficients of determination of 0.99. The cross sensitivity between the directions was from 0.31% to 4.7%. The soil bin and the dynamometer were tested using a disc operated at three values of tilt angle of 0°, 10°, and 20°. The test results showed that the soil bin allowed precise control of the tool travel speed and working depth in the designed ranges. Forces of the disc had an increase in vertical and lateral forces, and decrease in draft force, with the increase in tilt angle. These trends are in line with other studies in the literature. The results proved the full-functioning status of the soil bin and the dynamometer. Keywords: Calibration, Design, Disc, Dynamometer, Soil bin, Test, Tilt angle.

Weeding performance of a spring-tine harrow as affected by timing and operational parameters

Weed Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
Zhiwei Zeng ◽  
Amy Martin ◽  
Ying Chen ◽  
Xu Ma
Keyword(s):  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Cutting Forces ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Dominant Effect ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Soil Cutting ◽  
Soil Bin ◽  
Performance And Mechanism

Abstract Spring-tine harrow is gaining popularity for mechanical weeding. However, its weeding performance and mechanism have not been well understood. A spring-tine harrow was first tested in a controlled indoor soil bin at four different travel speeds (4, 6, 8, and 10 km h-1) with three different spring loading settings (low, medium, and high). Then the harrow was tested in a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) field at the same spring loading settings at three different weeding timings (early, middle, and late) in 2019 and 2020. Soil cutting forces (draft and vertical), soil displacements (forward and lateral), soil working depth, weed control efficacy, weed density, and crop damage were measured. The results showed that the spring loading setting had a more dominant effect on working depth and soil cutting forces than the speed. The soil displacements were more dependent on the speed as compared to the spring loading setting. Treatments effects on weeding performance indicators in the field were similar across years. Adjusting the spring loading setting from low to high improved the weeding efficacy from 44.9% to 73.9% in 2019 and from 51.6% to 78.1% in 2020. Consequently, the final weed density was minimized at the high-loading setting with the reduction in 2020 being significant. The middle weeding timing caused the minimum crop damage while reducing the final weed density by approximately one third as compared to the control (without mechanical weeding), which was most desired among the three timings tested.

scholarly journals Comparison of soil and corn residue cutting performance of different discs used for vertical tillage

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiwei Zeng ◽  
Dillon Thoms ◽  
Ying Chen ◽  
Xu Ma
Keyword(s):  
Cutting Forces ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Cutting Performance ◽  
Promising Practice ◽  
Corn Residue ◽  
Different Shapes ◽  
Soil Cutting ◽  
Soil Bin ◽  
Corn Residues

AbstractHigh amount of corn (Zea mays L.) residue left in the field interferes with seeding operations, which hinders the viability of conservation agriculture. Vertical tillage is a promising practice in dealing with heavy crop residue, but its effectiveness largely depends on the design and use of tillage machines. In this study, three vertical tillage discs with different shapes, namely notched, plain, and rippled, were tested in a soil bin at two different working depths, shallow (63.5 mm) and deep (127 mm). Corn residues were spread on top of the soil as surface residue. soil cutting forces, soil displacement, and residue mixing with soil, as well as residue cutting were measured. The results showed that the working depth had a stronger effect on the performance of discs as compared to the disc type. No difference in residue cutting was found between the treatments. The deep working depth resulted in 5.1% higher residue mixing, 53.4% greater soil cutting forces, and 34.9% larger soil displacements, as compared to the shallow depth. The rippled disc resulted in the largest soil displacements with the greatest demand in soil cutting forces. Overall, the rippled disc was the most aggressive among the three discs with regard to the performance indicators measured. The results suggested that varying working depth would be an effective approach in changing the soil dynamics and residue cutting performance of the discs for vertical tillage.

Forecasting of Cutting Forces in Dental Adjustment of Ceramic Prostheses Using an Artificial Neural Network

2010 ◽  
Vol 152-153 ◽  
pp. 1687-1690
Author(s):  
Jian Hui Peng ◽  
Xiao Fei Song ◽  
Ling Yin
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Artificial Neural Network ◽  
Cutting Forces ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Cutting Process ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Ann Model ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Artificial Neural

Intraoral adjustment of ceramic prostheses involving cutting process is a central procedure in restorative dentistry because the quality of ceramic prostheses depends on the cutting process. In this paper, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed for the first time to forecast the dynamic forces in dental cutting process as functions of clinical operational parameters. The predicted force values were compared with the measured values in in vitro dental cutting of porcelain prostheses obtained using a novel two-degrees-of-freedom computer-assisted testing apparatus with a high-speed dental handpiece and diamond burs. The results indicate that there existed nonlinear relationships between the cutting forces and clinical operational parameters. It is found that the ANN-forecasted forces were in good agreement with the experiment-measured values. This indicates that the established ANN model can provide insights into the force-related process assessment and forecast for clinical dental cutting of ceramic prostheses.

scholarly journals Study on the Interaction between Soil and the Five-Claw Combination of a Mole Using the Discrete Element Method

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuwan Yang ◽  
Mo Li ◽  
Jin Tong ◽  
Yunhai Ma
Keyword(s):  
Discrete Element Method ◽  
Discrete Element ◽  
Rake Angle ◽  
Soil Resistance ◽  
Distance Ratio ◽  
Soil Failure ◽  
Soil Cutting ◽  
Soil Bin ◽  
Rupture Distance ◽  
Element Method

A mole is a born digger spending its entire existence digging tunnels. The five claws of a mole’s hand are combinative to cut soil powerfully and efficiently. However, little was known in detail about the interaction between the soil and the five-claw combination. In this study, we simulated the soil cutting process of the five-claw combination using the discrete element method (DEM) as an attempt for the potential design of soil-engaging tools to reduce soil resistance. The five-claw combination moved horizontally in the soil bin. Soil forces (draught and vertical forces) and soil failure (soil rupture distance ratio) were measured at different rake angles and speeds. Results showed that the draught and vertical forces varied nonlinearly as the rake angle increased from 10 to 90°, and both changed linearly with the speed increasing from 1 to 5 m/s. The curve of the soil rupture distance ratio with rake angles could be better described using a quadric function, but the speed had little effect on the soil rupture distance ratio. Notably, the soil rupture distance ratio of the five-claw combination in simulation was on average 19.6% lower than the predicted ratio of simple blades at different rake angles indicating that the five-claw combination could make less soil failure and thereby produce lower soil resistance. Given the draught and vertical forces, the performance of the five-claw combination was optimized at the rake angle of 30°.

scholarly journals Innovative Design and Performance Evaluation of Bionic Imprinting Toothed Wheel

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Zhihong Zhang ◽  
Xiaoyang Wang ◽  
Jin Tong ◽  
Carr Stephen
Keyword(s):  
Dung Beetle ◽  
Operating Efficiency ◽  
Outer Contour ◽  
Innovative Design ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Reduction Property ◽  
Draft Force ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Soil Bin

A highly efficient soil-burrowing dung beetle possesses an intricate outer contour curve on its foreleg end-tooth. This study was carried out based on evidence that this special outer contour curve has the potential of reducing soil penetration resistance and could enhance soil-burrowing efficiency. A toothed wheel is a typical agricultural implement for soil imprinting, to increase its working efficiency; the approach of the bionic geometrical structure was utilized to optimize the innovative shape of imprinting toothed wheel. Characteristics in the dung beetle’s foreleg end-tooth were extracted and studied by the edge detection technique. Then, this special outer contour curve was modeled by a nine-order polynomial function and used for the innovative design of imprinting the tooth’s cutting edge. Both the conventional and bionic teeth were manufactured, and traction tests in a soil bin were conducted. Taking required draft force and volume of imprinted microbasin as the evaluating indexes, operating efficiency and quality of different toothed wheels were compared and investigated. Results indicate that compared with the conventional toothed wheel, a bionic toothed wheel possesses a better forward resistance reduction property against soil and, meanwhile, can enhance the quality of soil imprinting by increasing the volume of the created micro-basin.

Draft Reduction by Vibratory Soil Cutting

1972 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 175-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.T. Sulatisky ◽  
P.R. Ukrainetz
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Testing ◽  
Force Transducer ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Hydraulic Motor ◽  
Underground Cable ◽  
Testing Facility ◽  
Modes Of Vibration ◽  
Hydraulic Servo ◽  
Draft Force ◽  
Soil Cutting

With the increasing size of cultivating and excavating equipment, engineers have been faced with the problem of transmitting large drawbar forces, yet keeping the weight of tractors or machines to a minimum. This paper shows how draft forces can be reduced significantly by vibrating the soil-cutting blade. A fully instrumented laboratory testing facility was designed and constructed to test various types of vibrating blades. A carriage, which was pulled the length of the test bed along two parallel shafts by a hydraulic motor, supported a hydraulic servo-valve, actuator, and linkage which vibrated the blade. It was possible to conduct tests in three modes of vibration; horizontal, vertical, and at 45 degrees. Draft was recorded by a strain gauge force transducer attached to the carriage. Preliminary testing of a knife-edged, vertical blade for laying underground cable was undertaken. The blade, which was pulled at a depth of 9 in., was vibrated at frequencies up to 30 Hz and amplitudes (zero to peak) up to 1.0 in. It was found, for example, that a frequency and amplitude of 10 Hz and 0.5 in., respectively, yielded draft force reductions as high as 80%.

scholarly journals Effect of the Tool Tilt Angle on the Heat Generation and the Material Flow in Friction Stir Welding

Metals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narges Dialami ◽  
Miguel Cervera ◽  
Michele Chiumenti
Keyword(s):  
Friction Stir Welding ◽  
Tilt Angle ◽  
Material Flow ◽  
Friction Model ◽  
Rear Side ◽  
Friction Stir ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Tool Tilt Angle ◽  
Angle Of Rotation

This work studies the effect of the tool tilt angle on the generated heat and the material flow in the work pieces joint by Friction Stir Welding (FSW). An apropos kinematic framework together with a two-stage speed-up strategy is adopted to simulate the FSW problem. The effect of tilt angle on the FSWelds is modeled through the contact condition by modifying an enhanced friction model. A rotated friction shear stress is proposed, the angle of rotation depending on the process parameters and the tilt angle. The proposed rotation angle is calibrated by the experimental data provided for a tilt angle 2.5°. The differences of generated heat and material flow for the cases of tool with tilt angle of 0° and 2.5° are discussed. It is concluded that due to the higher temperature, softer material and greater frictional force in the trailing side of the tool, the material flow in the rear side of the FSW tool with the title angle is considerably enhanced, which assists to prevent the generation of defect.

scholarly journals QUANTUM NON-DEMOLITION BELL-STATE MEASUREMENT AND n-PARTY GHZ STATE PREPARATION IN QUANTUM DOT

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 867-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
GUO-PING GUO ◽  
HUI ZHANG ◽  
GUANG-CAN GUO
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Dot ◽  
Bell State ◽  
Ghz State ◽  
Cnot Gate ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Operation Speed ◽  
State Measurement ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Parity Measurement

By exploiting the fermionic qubit parity measurement, we present a scheme to realize quantum non-demolition (QND) measurement of Bell states and generate n-party GHZ state in quantum dot. Compared with the original protocol, the required electron transfer before and after parity measurement can be nonadiabatic, which may speed up the operation speed and make the omitting of spin-orbit interaction more reasonable. This may help us to construct CNOT gate without highly precise control of coupling as the way of D. Gottesman and I. L. Chuang.

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