scholarly journals Comparison of soil and corn residue cutting performance of different discs used for vertical tillage

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiwei Zeng ◽  
Dillon Thoms ◽  
Ying Chen ◽  
Xu Ma
Keyword(s):  
Cutting Forces ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Cutting Performance ◽  
Promising Practice ◽  
Corn Residue ◽  
Different Shapes ◽  
Soil Cutting ◽  
Soil Bin ◽  
Corn Residues

AbstractHigh amount of corn (Zea mays L.) residue left in the field interferes with seeding operations, which hinders the viability of conservation agriculture. Vertical tillage is a promising practice in dealing with heavy crop residue, but its effectiveness largely depends on the design and use of tillage machines. In this study, three vertical tillage discs with different shapes, namely notched, plain, and rippled, were tested in a soil bin at two different working depths, shallow (63.5 mm) and deep (127 mm). Corn residues were spread on top of the soil as surface residue. soil cutting forces, soil displacement, and residue mixing with soil, as well as residue cutting were measured. The results showed that the working depth had a stronger effect on the performance of discs as compared to the disc type. No difference in residue cutting was found between the treatments. The deep working depth resulted in 5.1% higher residue mixing, 53.4% greater soil cutting forces, and 34.9% larger soil displacements, as compared to the shallow depth. The rippled disc resulted in the largest soil displacements with the greatest demand in soil cutting forces. Overall, the rippled disc was the most aggressive among the three discs with regard to the performance indicators measured. The results suggested that varying working depth would be an effective approach in changing the soil dynamics and residue cutting performance of the discs for vertical tillage.

scholarly journals Conservation Agriculture Using Coulters: Effects of Crop Residue on Working Performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 4099
Author(s):  
Qi Wang ◽  
Longtu Zhu ◽  
Mingwei Li ◽  
Dongyan Huang ◽  
Honglei Jia
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Agriculture ◽  
Cutting Force ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Important Measure ◽  
Corn Residue ◽  
Working Performance ◽  
Tillage Depth

Conservation agriculture is an important measure promoting sustainable agriculture in northeast China. Coulters in the conservation agriculture system are used to cut the excessive residue in strips, loosen soils, and create good seedbeds. Information on the performance of coulters worked in a field with or without corn residue coverage is lacking in the literature. In this study, five coulters were tested in two field conditions at three working velocities to compare their performance. The five coulters were four types of fluted coulters (8 W, 13 W, 18 W, and 25 W) and one notched-flat coulter (NF); the two field conditions were whole residue plots (WR) and no residue plots(NR), and the three working velocities were 8 km/h (V1), 10 km/h (V2), and 12 km/h (V3). All of the tests were tested at a tillage depth of 80 mm. The results showed that the maximum furrow width (Wf), furrow disturbance area (A), and residue coverage change (C) were significantly affected by the working velocity and coulter type, while the cutting force (F) and skid rate (S) were significantly affected by the residue coverage, working velocity, and coulter type. The NF was found to have the smallest furrow profile, residue coverage change, and cutting force, as well as the largest skid rate. Among the fluted coulters, as the wavenumber rose, the cutting force, furrow width, and furrow disturbance area all gradually decreased, while the skid rate and residue coverage change were gradually enhanced. The straw residual intensified the cutting force and reduced the skid rate, which changed by 11.6% and 20.9%, respectively. As the working velocity rose from 8 km/h to 12 km/h, the furrow width, furrow disturbance area, residue coverage change, cutting force, and skid rate increased by 26.5%, 16.5%, 44.6%, 8.2%, and 22.7%, respectively. The results reveal that the flat coulter and large-wavenumber fluted coulters (18 W and 25 W) have less cutting force and are more beneficial for cutting straw residue in residue coverage fields, while the small-wavenumber fluted coulters (8 W and 13 W) are suitable for loosening soil and constructing seedbeds. The cutting force has significant effects on the performance of cutting straw residue, loosening soils, and creating seedbeds.

Instrumented Soil Bin for Testing Soil-Engaging Tools

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad R. Mahadi ◽  
Ying Chen ◽  
Pieter Botha
Keyword(s):  
Tilt Angle ◽  
Cutting Forces ◽  
Travel Speed ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Test Tool ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Draft Force ◽  
Soil Cutting ◽  
Soil Bin

Abstract. An indoor soil bin was developed in this study for testing soil-engaging tools. The design criteria included that the soil bin had to be compact, well controlled in its operational parameters, instrumented to measure soil cutting forces, and be safe to operate. The test tool could travel at any specific speed, up to 8 km h-1. A compact dynamometer was designed for the soil bin for measuring soil cutting forces in three directions. The calibration results of the dynamometer showed a linear relationship between the loads and the output voltages, with coefficients of determination of 0.99. The cross sensitivity between the directions was from 0.31% to 4.7%. The soil bin and the dynamometer were tested using a disc operated at three values of tilt angle of 0°, 10°, and 20°. The test results showed that the soil bin allowed precise control of the tool travel speed and working depth in the designed ranges. Forces of the disc had an increase in vertical and lateral forces, and decrease in draft force, with the increase in tilt angle. These trends are in line with other studies in the literature. The results proved the full-functioning status of the soil bin and the dynamometer. Keywords: Calibration, Design, Disc, Dynamometer, Soil bin, Test, Tilt angle.

scholarly journals Biomimetic Rotary Tillage Blade Design for Reduced Torque and Energy Requirement

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Yuwan Yang ◽  
Jin Tong ◽  
Yuxiang Huang ◽  
Jinguang Li ◽  
Xiaohu Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Cutting Performance ◽  
Power Requirement ◽  
Soil Failure ◽  
Soil Cutting ◽  
Rotary Speed ◽  
Inclined Angle ◽  
Soil Bin ◽  
Failure Wedge

A rotary cultivator is a primary cultivating machine in many countries. However, it is always challenged by high operating torque and power requirement. To address this issue, biomimetic rotary tillage blades were designed in this study for reduced torque and energy requirement based on the geometric characteristics (GC) of five fore claws of mole rats, including the contour curves of the five claw tips (GC-1) and the structural characteristics of the multiclaw combination (GC-2). Herein, the optimal blade was selected by considering three factors: (1) the ratio ( r ) of claw width to lateral spacing, (2) the inclined angle ( θ ) of the multiclaw combination, and (3) the rotary speed ( n ) through the soil bin tests. The results showed that the order of influence of factors on torque was n , r , and θ ; the optimal combination of factors with the minimal torque was r = 1.25 , θ = 60 ° , and n = 240   rpm . Furthermore, the torque of the optimal blade (BB-1) was studied by comparing with a conventional (CB) and a reported optimal biomimetic blade (BB-2) in the soil bin at the rotary speed from 160 to 320 rpm. Results showed that BB-1 and BB-2 averagely reduced the torque by 13.99% and 3.74% compared with CB, respectively. The field experiment results also showed the excellent soil-cutting performance of BB-1 whose average torques were largely reduced by 17.00%, 16.88%, and 21.80% compared with CB at different rotary speeds, forward velocities, and tillage depths, respectively. It was found that the geometric structure of the five claws of mole rats could not only enhance the penetrating and sliding cutting performance of the cutting edge of BB-1 but also diminish the soil failure wedge for minimizing soil shear resistance of BB-1. Therefore, the GC of five fore claws of mole rats could inspire the development of efficient tillage or digging tools for reducing soil resistance and energy consumption.

Weeding performance of a spring-tine harrow as affected by timing and operational parameters

Weed Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
Zhiwei Zeng ◽  
Amy Martin ◽  
Ying Chen ◽  
Xu Ma
Keyword(s):  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Cutting Forces ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Dominant Effect ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Soil Cutting ◽  
Soil Bin ◽  
Performance And Mechanism

Abstract Spring-tine harrow is gaining popularity for mechanical weeding. However, its weeding performance and mechanism have not been well understood. A spring-tine harrow was first tested in a controlled indoor soil bin at four different travel speeds (4, 6, 8, and 10 km h-1) with three different spring loading settings (low, medium, and high). Then the harrow was tested in a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) field at the same spring loading settings at three different weeding timings (early, middle, and late) in 2019 and 2020. Soil cutting forces (draft and vertical), soil displacements (forward and lateral), soil working depth, weed control efficacy, weed density, and crop damage were measured. The results showed that the spring loading setting had a more dominant effect on working depth and soil cutting forces than the speed. The soil displacements were more dependent on the speed as compared to the spring loading setting. Treatments effects on weeding performance indicators in the field were similar across years. Adjusting the spring loading setting from low to high improved the weeding efficacy from 44.9% to 73.9% in 2019 and from 51.6% to 78.1% in 2020. Consequently, the final weed density was minimized at the high-loading setting with the reduction in 2020 being significant. The middle weeding timing caused the minimum crop damage while reducing the final weed density by approximately one third as compared to the control (without mechanical weeding), which was most desired among the three timings tested.

scholarly journals Study on the Interaction between Soil and the Five-Claw Combination of a Mole Using the Discrete Element Method

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuwan Yang ◽  
Mo Li ◽  
Jin Tong ◽  
Yunhai Ma
Keyword(s):  
Discrete Element Method ◽  
Discrete Element ◽  
Rake Angle ◽  
Soil Resistance ◽  
Distance Ratio ◽  
Soil Failure ◽  
Soil Cutting ◽  
Soil Bin ◽  
Rupture Distance ◽  
Element Method

A mole is a born digger spending its entire existence digging tunnels. The five claws of a mole’s hand are combinative to cut soil powerfully and efficiently. However, little was known in detail about the interaction between the soil and the five-claw combination. In this study, we simulated the soil cutting process of the five-claw combination using the discrete element method (DEM) as an attempt for the potential design of soil-engaging tools to reduce soil resistance. The five-claw combination moved horizontally in the soil bin. Soil forces (draught and vertical forces) and soil failure (soil rupture distance ratio) were measured at different rake angles and speeds. Results showed that the draught and vertical forces varied nonlinearly as the rake angle increased from 10 to 90°, and both changed linearly with the speed increasing from 1 to 5 m/s. The curve of the soil rupture distance ratio with rake angles could be better described using a quadric function, but the speed had little effect on the soil rupture distance ratio. Notably, the soil rupture distance ratio of the five-claw combination in simulation was on average 19.6% lower than the predicted ratio of simple blades at different rake angles indicating that the five-claw combination could make less soil failure and thereby produce lower soil resistance. Given the draught and vertical forces, the performance of the five-claw combination was optimized at the rake angle of 30°.

scholarly journals Conservation Agriculture in mixed crop–livestock systems: Scoping crop residue trade-offs in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia

2012 ◽  
Vol 132 ◽  
pp. 175-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Valbuena ◽  
Olaf Erenstein ◽  
Sabine Homann-Kee Tui ◽  
Tahirou Abdoulaye ◽  
Lieven Claessens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Mixed Crop ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Livestock Systems

On the cutting force of micro-textured polycrystalline cubic boron nitride cutting tool for powder metallurgy materials

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 168781402093849
Author(s):  
Haidong Yang ◽  
Zhengguang Han ◽  
Xiquan Xia ◽  
Qidong Wang ◽  
Juchen Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Powder Metallurgy ◽  
Boron Nitride ◽  
Cutting Force ◽  
Cutting Forces ◽  
Cubic Boron Nitride ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Cutting Performance ◽  
Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride ◽  
Texture Parameters ◽  
Cutting Velocity

Micro-textured cutting tools were widely reported due to the improved cutting performance, for example, the reduction of cutting forces. However, the cutting performance is significantly dependent on the parameters of the micro-textures. In this work, some polycrystalline cubic boron nitride tools with designed circular micro-textures were designed and manufactured by laser processing technology, and used to machine powder metallurgy materials. The effect of micro-texture parameters (diameter, depth and density) on the cutting forces ( FX, FY, FZ and Fr) was studied by an orthogonal test, the effect of cutting velocity on the cutting force was also studied. The results have shown that the pit diameter and depth have more significant effect on the cutting forces than the cutting velocity and pit density. As compared with the non-textured tools, the textured tools can effectively reduce the cutting forces and the optimal cutting forces were achieved at parameters as 230 μm for diameter, 90 μm for depth, 20% for density and 110 m/min for cutting velocity. The present findings are of significance for the design of polycrystalline cubic boron nitride cutting tools and the processing of powder metallurgy materials.

Research on Dynamic Cutting Performance of High Speed Face Milling Cutter

2008 ◽  
Vol 375-376 ◽  
pp. 663-666
Author(s):  
Min Li Zheng ◽  
Bin Jiang ◽  
Jia Liu ◽  
Chong Yu He
Keyword(s):  
Contact Angle ◽  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Frequency Spectrum ◽  
Cutting Forces ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
Face Milling ◽  
Cutting Performance ◽  
Milling Cutter

According to the characteristics of high speed face milling process, the models of dynamic cutting forces and frequency spectrum were established. By means of frequency spectrum analysis for dynamic cutting forces of high speed face milling cutter, the law of influence of cutter’s structure and parameters on dynamic cutting performance of cutter was acquired, high speed face milling cutter for machining aluminum alloy was developed, and evaluation for dynamic cutting performance of cutter was processed based on experiment. The results indicate that more teeth of cutter and greater cutting contact angle can make the energy more dispersible, higher cutting speed and greater rake of cutter can depress dynamic cutting forces, and improve effectively dynamic cutting performance of cutter. High speed face milling cutter with five teeth takes on better dynamic high speed cutting performance for machining aluminum alloy, as cutting contact angle exceeds ninety degrees but it is less than one hundred eighty degrees, and cutting speed exceeds 2260m/min.

scholarly journals Corn Residue Covered Area Mapping with a Deep Learning Method Using Chinese GF-1 B/D High Resolution Remote Sensing Images

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2903
Author(s):  
Wancheng Tao ◽  
Zixuan Xie ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Jiayu Li ◽  
Fu Xuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Learning Method ◽  
Remote Sensing Images ◽  
Covered Area ◽  
Corn Residue

Black soil is one of the most productive soils with high organic matter content. Crop residue covering is important for protecting black soil from alleviating soil erosion and increasing soil organic carbon. Mapping crop residue covered areas accurately using remote sensing images can monitor the protection of black soil in regional areas. Considering the inhomogeneity and randomness, resulting from human management difference, the high spatial resolution Chinese GF-1 B/D image and developed MSCU-net+C deep learning method are used to mapping corn residue covered area (CRCA) in this study. The developed MSCU-net+C is joined by a multiscale convolution group (MSCG), the global loss function, and Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) based on U-net and the full connected conditional random field (FCCRF). The effectiveness of the proposed MSCU-net+C is validated by the ablation experiment and comparison experiment for mapping CRCA in Lishu County, Jilin Province, China. The accuracy assessment results show that the developed MSCU-net+C improve the CRCA classification accuracy from IOUAVG = 0.8604 and KappaAVG = 0.8864 to IOUAVG = 0.9081 and KappaAVG = 0.9258 compared with U-net. Our developed and other deep semantic segmentation networks (MU-net, GU-net, MSCU-net, SegNet, and Dlv3+) improve the classification accuracy of IOUAVG/KappaAVG with 0.0091/0.0058, 0.0133/0.0091, 0.044/0.0345, 0.0104/0.0069, and 0.0107/0.0072 compared with U-net, respectively. The classification accuracies of IOUAVG/KappaAVG of traditional machine learning methods, including support vector machine (SVM) and neural network (NN), are 0.576/0.5526 and 0.6417/0.6482, respectively. These results reveal that the developed MSCU-net+C can be used to map CRCA for monitoring black soil protection.

A Method to Generate the Spiral Flutes of an Hourglass Worm Gear Hob

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Yang ◽  
Haitao Li ◽  
Chengjie Rui ◽  
Wenjun Wei ◽  
Xuezhu Dong
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Manufacturing System ◽  
Worm Gear ◽  
Virtual Manufacturing ◽  
Cutting Performance ◽  
Curved Surface ◽  
Transmission Ratio ◽  
Multiple Threads ◽  
Different Shapes ◽  
The Absolute

All of the cutting edges on an hourglass worm gear hob have different shapes and spiral angles. If the spiral angles are small, straight flutes are typically adopted. However, for hobs with multiple threads, the absolute values of the negative rake angles on one side of the cutting teeth will greatly affect the cutting performance of the hob if straight flutes are still used. Therefore, spiral flutes are typically adopted to solve this problem. However, no method to determine the spiral flute of an hourglass worm gear hob has been proposed until now. Based on the curved surface generating theory and the hourglass worm forming principle, a method for generating the spiral flute of the planar double enveloping hourglass worm gear hob is proposed in this paper. A mathematical model was built to generate the spiral flute. The rake angles of all cutting teeth of the hob are calculated. The laws of the rake angles of the cutting teeth for four hobs with different threads from one to four threads were analyzed when straight flutes and spiral flutes are adopted. The laws between the value of the negative rake angles of the hob with four threads and the transmission ratio were studied. The most appropriate transmission ratio for generating the spiral flute was obtained. The machining of the spiral flutes was simulated using a virtual manufacturing system, and the results verify the correctness of the method.

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