Cleaning and Bacteria Removal in Milking Systems by Alkaline Electrolyzed Oxidizing Water with Response Surface Design

Abstract. A wash cycle using an alkaline solution with a dissolved chemical detergent is a standard clean-in-place (CIP) process for cleaning milking systems. However, long-term chemical use may corrode equipment and create difficulties in wastewater treatment. This study investigated the potential for using alkaline electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water as an alternative to alkaline chemical detergent for removal of microorganisms and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) on milking system materials. Laboratory trials were performed based on a Box-Behnken response surface design to assess the cleaning effect of alkaline EO water on three materials typically used in milking systems: stainless steel, rubber gasket, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) hose. Results showed that alkaline EO water treatment was generally enhanced with increased treatment time, temperature, and pH, and their interaction effects were also observed in ATP removal. However, treatment time did not have a dominant role in cleaning PVC hose. Response surface models were developed to reliably predict detected microorganisms and relative light units (RLU) on the three materials after alkaline EO water treatment. Based on the response surface models, the three parameters for alkaline EO water cleaning were optimized as treatment time of 10.0 min, temperature of 61.8°C, and pH of 12, after which microorganisms and RLU were nearly undetectable. Alkaline EO water treatment with the optimized parameters had an equivalent or better cleaning ability compared to the commercial detergent, suggesting its potential as a cleaning and bacteria removal agent for milking systems. Keywords: Alkaline electrolyzed oxidizing water, Cleanliness, Milking system, Response surface model.

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A Method for Aerodynamic Characteristic Analysis of Hypersonic Aircraft Based on Response Surface Model

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.477-478.277 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 477-478 ◽

pp. 277-280 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jie Yang ◽

Song Ping Wu ◽

Wen Xin Hou

Keyword(s):

Flow Field ◽

Response Surface ◽

Aerodynamic Characteristic ◽

Aerodynamic Characteristics ◽

Surface Model ◽

Complex Flow ◽

Characteristic Analysis ◽

Response Surface Models ◽

Hypersonic Aircraft ◽

Surface Models

Aerodynamic characteristic analysis of hypersonic cruise aircraft is more difficult than that of conventional aircraft, for the complex flow field simulation and inadequate amount of results under limited flight conditions. In this paper, numerical schemes applicable for hypersonic flow field are adopted to acquire a set of aerodynamic characteristics of a typical hypersonic cruise aircraft as sample data, based on which response surface models (RSM) are constructed to provide approximation of aerodynamic characteristics under any flight conditions within the design domain, finally the overall approximation performance of the response surface models are analyzed.

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Sevoflurane Remifentanil Interaction

Anesthesiology ◽

10.1097/aln.0b013e318242a2ec ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 116 (2) ◽

pp. 311-323 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Bjorn Heyse ◽

Johannes H. Proost ◽

Peter M. Schumacher ◽

Thomas W. Bouillon ◽

Hugo E. M. Vereecke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Laryngeal Mask Airway ◽

Response Surface ◽

Hierarchical Model ◽

Laryngeal Mask ◽

Surface Model ◽

Laryngeal Mask Airway Insertion ◽

Tetanic Stimulation ◽

Response Surface Models ◽

Drug Concentrations ◽

Surface Models

Background Various pharmacodynamic response surface models have been developed to quantitatively describe the relationship between two or more drug concentrations with their combined clinical effect. We examined the interaction of remifentanil and sevoflurane on the probability of tolerance to shake and shout, tetanic stimulation, laryngeal mask airway insertion, and laryngoscopy in patients to compare the performance of five different response surface models. Methods Forty patients preoperatively received different combined concentrations of remifentanil (0-12 ng/ml) and sevoflurane (0.5-3.5 vol.%) according to a criss-cross design (160 concentration pairs, four per patient). After having reached pseudosteady state, the response to shake and shout, tetanic stimulation, laryngeal mask airway insertion, and laryngoscopy was recorded. For the analysis of the probability of tolerance, five different interaction models were tested: Greco, Reduced Greco, Minto, Scaled C50(O) Hierarchical, and Fixed C50(O) Hierarchical model. All calculations were performed with NONMEM VI (Icon Development Solutions, Ellicott City, MD). Results The pharmacodynamic interaction between sevoflurane and remifentanil was strongly synergistic for both the hypnotic and the analgesic components of anesthesia. The Greco model did not result in plausible parameter estimates. The Fixed C50(O) Hierarchical model performed slightly better than the Scaled C50(O) Hierarchical and Reduced Greco models, whereas the Minto model fitted less well. Conclusion We showed the importance of exploring various surface model approaches when studying drug interactions. The Fixed C50(O) Hierarchical model fits our data on sevoflurane remifentanil interaction best and appears to be an appropriate model for use in hypnotic-opioid drug interaction.

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A LOCATION VALUE RESPONSE SURFACE MODEL FOR MASS APPRAISING: AN “ITERATIVE” LOCATION ADJUSTMENT FACTOR IN BARI, ITALY

International Journal of Strategic Property Management ◽

10.3846/ijspm.2010.17 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 231-244 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Maurizio d’Amato

Keyword(s):

Response Surface ◽

Spatial Interpolation ◽

Surface Model ◽

Adjustment Factor ◽

Specific Context ◽

Response Surface Models ◽

Surface Models ◽

Adjustment Factors ◽

Geostatistical Techniques ◽

Location Adjustment

The work is focused on a new model of mass appraising including location variable. A location adjustment factor derived from a mathematical iteration was compared to the location adjustment factor based on geostatistical techniques. The work compares three different linear MRA models. The first one uses the location blind linear MRA. The second integrates the linear MRA with a location adjustment factor calculated using spatial interpolation. The second alternative is an application of Location Value Response Surface Models (O'Connor, 1982). It represents the first application of these models for mass appraising in Italy. The third approach introduces the Iterative Location Adjustment Factor. This is a factor which measure the influence of location derived from a mathematical iteration. Empirical results seem to prove the validity of Iterative Location Adjustment Factors in specific context with few observations. Santruka Darbe nagrinejamas naujas masinio turto vertinimo modelis, apimantis geografines padeties kintamaji. Iteraciniu būdu apskaičiuotas geografines padeties korekcijos veiksnys palygintas su geografines padeties korekcijos veiksniu, gautu taikant geostatistinius metodus. darbe lyginami trys skirtingi tiesiniai mrA modeliai. Pirmajame naudojamas geografines padeties nevertinantis tiesinis MRA. Antrajame tiesinis MRA sujungiamas su geografines padeties korekcijos veiksniu, apskaičiuotu pasitelkus erdvine interpoliacija. Antrojoje alternatyvoje pritaikomi geografines padeties vertes stebimojo paviršiaus (angl. Location Value Response Surface) modeliai (O'Connor 1982). Italijoje šie modeliai masiniam turto vertinimui naudojami pirma karta. Trečiojoje alternatyvoje taikomas iteracinis geografines padeties korekcijos veiksnys. Jis ivertina geografines padeties itaka, nustatyta iteraciniu būdu. Empiriniai rezultatai, regis, irodo iteraciniu geografines padeties korekcijos veiksniu pagristuma konkrečiame kontekste, kai stebejimu yra mažai.

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Robust Concept Exploration in Engineering Design: Metamodeling Techniques and Goal Formulations

Volume 2: 26th Design Automation Conference ◽

10.1115/detc2000/dac-14283 ◽

2000 ◽

Author(s):

Yao Lin ◽

Kiran Krishnapur ◽

Janet K. Allen ◽

Farrokh Mistree

Keyword(s):

Correlation Function ◽

Response Surface ◽

Vehicle Body ◽

System Response ◽

Type Ii ◽

Robust Solutions ◽

Response Surface Models ◽

Concept Exploration ◽

Surface Models

Abstract In this paper we discuss the performance of different metamodeling techniques in Type II robust design. Five space-filling experimental designs and five correlation functions are compared in their capability for developing accurate kriging models. We observe that in our case study (a vehicle body), the orthogonal array is the best experimental design and the cubic correlation function is the best correlation function. Then the kriging models and response surface models for system response are determined and the solution obtained using compromise Decision Support Problem. We note that: 1) the goal formulation method of minimizing variance at the center point may be inappropriate in some situation, and 2) more robust solutions can be obtained with kriging models than with response surface models.

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Process Parameter Optimization for Machining SiCp/Al-MMC Using RSM and GA

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.1213 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 326-328 ◽

pp. 1213-1216

Author(s):

Jae Seob Kwak ◽

Long Zhu Chi ◽

Yang Koo ◽

Yeong Deug Jeong ◽

Man Kyung Ha

Keyword(s):

Genetic Algorithm ◽

Response Surface ◽

Metal Matrix ◽

Response Surface Model ◽

Surface Model ◽

Matrix Composites ◽

Grinding Forces ◽

Response Surface Models ◽

Grinding Parameters ◽

Surface Models

This study aimed to achieve optimization of grinding parameters for aluminum-based metal matrix composites using response surface model and genetic algorithm. Experiments were conducted in accordance with a preplanned orthogonal array. The effect of grinding parameters on surface roughness and grinding forces was evaluated and second-order response surface models were developed for predicting grinding outcomes. Optimal grinding parameters were determined from the genetic algorithm and the response surface models.

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Modeling the Sorption of Ni2+ and Co2+ on Saprist Peat Using the Response Surface Methodology

Journal of Waste Management ◽

10.1155/2015/571213 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Emmanuel S. Asapo ◽

Cynthia A. Coles ◽

Leonard M. Lye

Keyword(s):

Response Surface ◽

Second Order ◽

Sorptive Capacity ◽

Surface Design ◽

Response Surface Models ◽

Wide Range ◽

Surface Models ◽

Simulated Wastewater ◽

Ph Range ◽

Percentage Sorption

A detailed study of the sorption of Ni2+ and Co2+ from simulated wastewater on saprist peat is presented. The significantly decomposed peat possessed a strong sorptive capacity that was maintained over a wide range of pH. With a metal concentration range of 50 to 200 mg/L, pH range of 3 to 10, peat dose of 2 to 40 g/L, and contact time of 12 to 24 h, batch experiments were conducted based on a four-factor Box-Behnken response surface design. The percentage removals of Ni2+ and Co2+ were analyzed using analysis of variance. Second order response surface models were developed with the significant factors and their interactions to predict the percentage sorption of Ni2+ and Co2+ independently. The prediction equations were verified with additional data not used in developing the equations. The study showed that the saprist peat could be a potential industrial metal adsorbent and the percentage of uptake of Ni2+ and Co2+ could be accurately predicted using the second order response surface models developed. Ni2+ uptake was greater for the two metals and reached a maximum value at just below a neutral pH and Co2+ uptake continued to increase from pH > 5, with higher uptake percentage at pH 10.

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Elemental chlorine-free bleaching of North American hardwood kraft pulps: Evaluation of oxidant-reinforced extraction variables on overall bleaching optimization

TAPPI Journal ◽

10.32964/tj12.10.33 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 33-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

BRIAN N. BROGDON

Keyword(s):

Response Surface ◽

Chlorine Dioxide ◽

North American ◽

Yield Loss ◽

Alkaline Extraction ◽

Kraft Pulps ◽

Pulp Bleaching ◽

Response Surface Models ◽

Elemental Chlorine ◽

Surface Models

This investigation evaluates how higher reaction temperatures or oxidant reinforcement of caustic extraction affects chlorine dioxide consumption during elemental chlorine-free bleaching of North American hardwood pulps. Bleaching data from the published literature were used to develop statistical response surface models for chlorine dioxide delignification and brightening sequences for a variety of hardwood pulps. The effects of higher (EO) temperature and of peroxide reinforcement were estimated from observations reported in the literature. The addition of peroxide to an (EO) stage roughly displaces 0.6 to 1.2 kg chlorine dioxide per kilogram peroxide used in elemental chlorine-free (ECF) bleach sequences. Increasing the (EO) temperature by Δ20°C (e.g., 70°C to 90°C) lowers the overall chlorine dioxide demand by 0.4 to 1.5 kg. Unlike what is observed for ECF softwood bleaching, the presented findings suggest that hot oxidant-reinforced extraction stages result in somewhat higher bleaching costs when compared to milder alkaline extraction stages for hardwoods. The substitution of an (EOP) in place of (EO) resulted in small changes to the overall bleaching cost. The models employed in this study did not take into account pulp bleaching shrinkage (yield loss), to simplify the calculations.

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