Chemical Characteristics of Heartwood and Sapwood of Red-Heart Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata)

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-109
Author(s):  
Yanfei Li ◽  
Xiangwen Deng ◽  
Yifei Zhang ◽  
Yaqi Huang ◽  
Chenyang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Wood Property ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Cunninghamia Lanceolata ◽  
Jiangxi Province ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Ph Values

Abstract The chemical composition of wood is an important factor affecting the properties and utilization of wood. To compare the difference in chemical compositions between heartwood and sapwood of red-heart Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata), three graded wood, dominant, average, and overtopped trees were selected from the Chenshan Forest Station of Anfu County in Jiangxi Province. Their chemical composition parameters were determined according to international standards. Our results indicate that sapwood contains on average a higher moisture content than that of heartwood, constituting 9.4 and 8.6 percent, respectively. The pH values of wood present acidic and are higher in sapwood. Cellulose is abundant in both wood tissues; the heartwood content (52.0%) is higher than that of sapwood (48.6%) on average. Furthermore, the lignin in heartwood is slightly less than that of sapwood. Hemicellulose content is similar in heartwood and sapwood (23.4% vs. 23.1%), on average. All kinds of extractives in heartwood are substantially richer. Approximately three times more benzene–ethanol extractives are in heartwood than sapwood. This suggests that there is a considerable variation of chemical constituents among the graded woods (P < 0.05). The pH values are both significantly correlated with the contents of the four extractives in heartwood and sapwood (P < 0.05). The longitudinal variation of chemical compositions is different along the direction of tree height in heartwood and sapwood. Understanding the chemical heterogeneity of wood is vital for wood product manufacturing as well as for wood property improvement.

The Discrepancy between Gross Features and Chemical Compositions in Gallbladder Stone: A Descriptive Single Center Study in the United Arab Emirates

2021 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byung Hyo Cha ◽  
Min Jung Park ◽  
Joo Yeong Baeg ◽  
Sunpyo Lee ◽  
Young Joon Ahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Cholesterol Stone ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Gallbladder Stone ◽  
Tertiary Referral Hospital ◽  
Primary Indication

Background and Study Aim: Gallbladder stone (GBS) is a common gastrointestinal disease that is the primary indication for cholecystectomy. The present study was conducted to describe the chemical composition of gallstones in a tertiary referral hospital in the United Arab Emirates. Materials and Methods: Patients diagnosed with GBS and who underwent cholecystectomy due to symptomatic GBS and cholecystitis in Sheikh Khalifa Specialty Hospital were enrolled in this study. After cholecystectomy, all stone specimens were classified according to their gross findings into 4 groups, namely black pigmented stones (BLPS), brown pigmented stones (BRPS), mixed cholesterol stones, and cholesterol stones (CLS). Quantitative analysis using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was then performed to define the stones’ chemical constituents. They were reclassified into two groups as CLS (cholesterol ≥ 60%) and pigmented stones (PGS, cholesterol ≤ 59%) based on gallstone composition analysis. Results: A total of 237 stones were divided into four groups based on their gross findings; cholesterol stones (32.0%), mixed cholesterol (29.2%), black pigmented (26.4%), and brown pigmented (12.3%). After chemical composition analysis, they were resorted into the two following groups according to their cholesterol proportions: pigmented (28.3%) and cholesterol (71.7%). There were significant statistical mean age differences between the pigmented and cholesterol stone groups (58.5±19.8 vs. 34.4±11.0, p < 0.01). Conclusion: This descriptive study showed the hospital-based clinical incidence of GBS and suggested that there might be a discrepancy in stone classification based on gross findings and chemical compositions. Moreover, pigmented stones are more likely to be present in older patients than cholesterol stones.

scholarly journals Determining Chemical Composition of Cattle Urine and Indigenous Plant Extracts

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-26
Author(s):  
Md. Nur Alam Miah ◽  
M. R. U. Miah ◽  
M. Z. Alam
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Seed Kernel ◽  
Neem Seed ◽  
Specific Chemical ◽  
Indigenous Plant ◽  
Neem Seed Kernel Extracts

 The study was conducted to determine the specific chemical constituents of cattle urine and indigenous plant extracts. Chemical analysis revealed that the specific chemical composition i.e., chloride, sulphate, nitrite and phosphorus pentaoxide contents of fresh and fermented cattle urine were 1556, 364, 2.0, 26.8 and 4514, 252, 22.4, 7.49 mg l-1, respectively. The proximate chemical compositions of neem seed kernel extracts, mahagoni seed extracts and allamanda leaves extracts were analyzed and it was found to contain chloride (144, 55.4, 141 mg l-1), sulphate (51.1, 5.03, ˂4.0 mg l-1), nitrite (˂1.0, ˂1.0, ˂1.0 mg l-1) and phosphorus pentaoxide (413, 410, 49.5 mg l-1), respectively. Chloride and nitrite in fermented cattle urine (4514 and 22.4 mg l-1) was found extremely higher than in fresh cattle urine (1556 and 2.0 mg l-1). There was numerically higher difference in sulphate and phosphorus pentaoxide concentrations in fresh cattle urine (364, 26.8 mg l-1) compared to fermented cattle urine (252, 7.49 mg l-1).These results revealed that indigenous plant extracts of neem seed kernel, mahagoni seed and allamanda leaves contents chloride, sulphate and nitrite were extremely lower than in both fresh and fermented cattle urine but there were great difference in phosphorus pentaoxide concentration (413, 410, 49.5 mg l-1) in both fresh and fermented cattle urine (26.8, 7.49 mg l-1) composition. It was evident from this study that as the fermented cattle urine contained higher concentration of chloride and nitrite can be considered as a good means of insect pest management.

Heartwood and Sapwood Variation and Development in Chenshan Red-Heart Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook)

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-308
Author(s):  
Huiling Kang ◽  
Xuding Wen ◽  
Xiangwen Deng ◽  
Liang Chen ◽  
Fuming Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Formation Rate ◽  
Rotation Period ◽  
Logistic Models ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Maximum Sustainable Yield ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
Cunninghamia Lanceolata ◽  
Heartwood Formation ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Relationship Analysis

Abstract Chenshan red-heart Chinese fir is a provenance of Cunninghamia lanceolata, with high-value red heartwood, which is widely used in high-quality furniture and construction. Yet, there is still little information on heartwood development of this tree for high-value decorative timber, which is essential to improve one's plantation management strategy. Here, we investigated the horizontal and vertical variation of heartwood and sapwood and simulated heartwood formation process using stem analysis method. We selected 15 sample trees from five plots of 20 m × 30 m in Chenshan red-heart Chinese fir plantations (9, 15, 26, 29, and 34 years old, respectively). The results showed that Chenshan red-heart Chinese fir stems began to form heartwood when the xylem diameter reached 4 to 8 cm. The heartwood diameter and area, as well as the sapwood area, all increased in the different-aged Chenshan red-heart Chinese firs with increasing xylem diameter and decreased with increasing tree height. As tree height increased, the red heartwood formation rate declined at all ages. Relationship analysis showed that xylem diameter was the most important factor influencing heartwood formation. Red heartwood rate at breast height could be modeled by logistic models. We concluded that heartwood formation began at about 7 years old, and the formation rate increased until peaking at 60 percent at 40 years old. In conclusion, it will be imperative to prolong the Chenshan red-heart Chinese fir rotation period from the currently common 25 years to about 40 years to achieve the maximum sustainable yield of high-value decorative timber.

scholarly journals On the Effect of Chemical Composition on the Desorption of Superabsorbent Hydrogels in Contact with a Porous Cementitious Material

Gels ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khashayar Farzanian ◽  
Ali Ghahremaninezhad
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Cementitious Material ◽  
Sodium Acrylate ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Desorption Rate ◽  
Mechanical Stiffness ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Varied Chemical

The behavior of poly(sodium acrylate-co-acrylamide) copolymer hydrogels with varied chemical compositions in artificial pore solutions with three different pH values is examined. The absorption, chemical characteristics, mechanical stiffness, and desorption of the hydrogels in contact with a porous cementitious material were investigated. It was observed that the surface characteristics of the hydrogels play an important role in the desorption of hydrogels due to the capillary forces. It was shown that in the hydrogel systems studied here, the bonding between the hydrogels and the porous cementitious material is improved with an increase in the content of acrylamide in the hydrogels, and this results in an increased desorption rate of the hydrogels.

scholarly journals Variation of Yield and Chemical Composition of Essential Oil from Cupressus lusitanica Growing in Different Agro-ecological Zones of Rwanda

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-56
Author(s):  
Papias Nteziyaremye ◽  
Jackson Cherutoi ◽  
Jacqueline Makatiani ◽  
Théoneste Muhizi
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Cupressus Lusitanica ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Ecological Features ◽  
Ft Ir

Chemical composition and essential oil contents among essential oil-bearing plants are mostly influenced by different factors including ecological features of habitat. In this study, variation in yield and chemical composition of essential oils (EOs) from the leaves of Cupressus lusitanica Mill. (Cupressaceae) in different regions of Rwanda was investigated. Extraction of essential oils from fresh leaves of C. lusitanica collected in March 2021 and April, 2021 from three different ecological zones of Rwanda, Buberuka highland zone (Burera), Central plateau zone (Huye) and Eastern savannah zone (Kayonza) was realized through steam distillation. The chemical compositions of distilled EOs were analyzed using both Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), while their yields were determined by simple calculus. The average yields of the EOs were 0.27 ± 0.02, 0.34 ± 0.02 and 0.39 ± 0.01% (v/w) for Burera, Huye and Kayonza, respectively. Results of FT-IR analysis were confirmed by those of GC-MS analysis, and indicated the presence of different groups of compounds including aliphatic alkanes, carboxylic acids, alkenes, aldehydes, aromatics and ketones in the EOs. GC-MS results revealed that sabinene (20.84%), myrcene (19.63%), α-pinene (10.23%) and δ-3-carene (10.13%) were the dominant chemical constituents for EOs of C. lusitanica from Burera. Umbellulone (24.21%), δ-3-carene (16.76%), sabinene (10.54%) and α-pinene (8.21%) were the main constituents for EOs of C. lusitanica from Huye, while γ-terpinene (18.77%), umbellulone (18.16%), isobornyl acetate (9.972%), and myrcene (7.20%) were the major components of EOs of C. lusitanica from Kayonza. The current results demonstrated an intraspecific variation in content and chemical profile of C. lusitanica EOs from one geographical region to another. The observed variations are mostly due to the interactions of C. lusitanica species with climatic and environmental conditions of ecological habitat. However, it could also be the effects of various biotic factors, as well as maturity of plant and stage of plant growth. Further studies are needed to establish the influence of different geo-climatic and environmental factors on each single major component of C. lusitanica EOs.

Survey of Relations of Chemical Constituents in Polymer-Based Materials with Brittleness and its Associated Properties

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (4s) ◽  
pp. 595-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Witold Brostow ◽  
◽  
Haley E. Hagg Lobland ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Impact Strength ◽  
Free Volume ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Polymer Processing ◽  
Brittle Behavior ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Common Thread

The property of brittleness for polymers and polymer-based materials (PBMs) is an important factor in determining the potential uses of a material. Brittleness of polymers may also impact the ease and modes of polymer processing, thereby affecting economy of production. Brittleness of PBMs can be correlated with certain other properties and features of polymers; to name a few, connections to free volume, impact strength, and scratch recovery have been explored. A common thread among all such properties is their relationship to chemical composition and morphology. Through a survey of existing literature on polymer brittleness specifically combined with relevant reports that connect additional materials and properties to that of brittleness, it is possible to identify chemical features of PBMs that are connected with observable brittle behavior. Relations so identified between chemical composition and structure of PBMs and brittleness are described herein, advancing knowledge and improving the capacity to design new and to choose among existing polymers in order to obtain materials with particular property profiles.

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