scholarly journals Do Odontomachus brunneus nestmates request for help and are taken care of when caught?

Sociobiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. e6022
Author(s):  
Luiz Carlos Santos Junior ◽  
Emerson Pereira Silva ◽  
William Fernando Antonialli-Junior
Keyword(s):  
Social Insects ◽  
Response Latency ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Chemical Signaling ◽  
Optimal Range ◽  
Potential Predator ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Odontomachus Brunneus ◽  
To Receive

In social insects, situations can arise that threaten an individual or an entire colony. When the call for help goes out, different behavioral responses are elicited by signals emitted from nestmates. In ants, the response can be one of redemptive behavior by the worker receiving it. However, little is known about the evolution of this behavior and in which group of ants it manifests. Therefore, this study investigates whether workers of Odontomachus brunneus Patton can act as rescuers, able to detect and respond to calls for help from nestmates. Laboratory experiments were carried out in which the legs of ants were trapped by tape, simulating capture by a predator. Nearby were nestmates able to receive and respond to a request for help. Two experiments were performed: 1. Calls for help were made at different distances, in order to test the response latency. 2. Evaluation of whether rescuers would respond differently to calls for help from nestmates, non-nestmates of the same species, and ants of another species. Finally, evaluation was made of the behaviors of the rescuers when they responded to requests for help from nestmates and ants of another species. It could be concluded from the results that O. brunneus workers respond to signals emitted by workers who may have been captured by a potential predator, prompting the performance of behaviors related to rescue attempts. The signals involved appear to have an optimal range and are species-specific. When exposed to a capture situation, this species transmits audible signals by stridulation, so it is possible that this type of signal may be involved, in addition to chemical signaling.

Interference with the uptake of guinea-pig agglutinins in mice due to fractions of papain hydrolyzed rabbit γ-globulin

1963 ◽  
Vol 157 (967) ◽  
pp. 160-169 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Specific Receptor ◽  
Digestion Method ◽  
Suckling Mice ◽  
Absorptive Cells ◽  
Mouse Cells ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
To Receive

Antibodies from immune serum ingested by suckling mice and rats may enter into their circulations. The normal sera of certain species, when mixed with the immune serum administered, reduce the entry of antibodies. This effect was called interference. Interference with the uptake of guinea-pig agglutinins in mice due to rabbit serum and γ-globulin and to fragments I, II and III of rabbit γ-globulin, fractionated by the digestion method of Porter, is investigated. The effect of rabbit serum is due mostly, if not wholly, to its γ-globulin. Interference due to fragments I and II is negligible, whereas interference due to fragment III is at least 3.5 times greater than that due to the whole γ-globulin molecule. It is concluded that most of the configurations of the whole rabbit γ-globulin molecule which are recognized by mouse cells as heterologous are carried on fragment III. A hypothesis, which postulates a specific receptor within absorptive cells concerned with the transmission of antibodies across the gut of some young rodents, is discussed in the light of these results, when it is suggested that the receptor may be better adapted to receive the species-specific parts of antibody molecules rather than the residual or antibody reactive parts.

Hotel discount strategies on consumer responses: the role of involvement

2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 284-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung Hyun Lee ◽  
Billy Bai
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Intention ◽  
Positive Emotion ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Consumer Responses ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Impact ◽  
To Receive

Purpose – This paper aims to examine the impact of hotel discount strategies on consumers’ emotional and behavioral responses in the presence of differential levels of involvement in discount acquisition. Design/methodology/approach – Discount strategies and the high- and low-involvement variables were fully cross-examined, yielding a 2 × 2 factorial quasi experimental design. In all, 120 surveys were collected, and multivariate analysis of variance was used for data analysis. Findings – The results suggest that fenced discounts that require consumers to accept restrictions to receive a discount generated more positive emotion and stronger behavioral intention. Moreover, an interaction effect was found between consumer’s involvement and discounts on emotional and behavioral responses toward discount-acquiring experience. Highly involved consumers resulted in more positive emotional and stronger behavioral responses (e.g. pride, gratitude, word-of-mouth and retention) from obtaining a fenced discount that requires consumers’ efforts or sacrifices. On contrary, consumers with low involvement tend to appreciate more of a fixed discount given to anyone without restrictions. Practical implications – Hotels should implement a fenced discount when they design discounts targeting at high-involvement consumers. For low-involvement consumers, a fixed discount appears to generate more positive emotion and stronger behavioral intention. Originality/value – The study enhances the theoretical understanding of consumers’ emotional and behavioral responses toward discount-acquiring experience with different levels of involvement.

DIFFERENCES IN POST-DIAPAUSE THERMAL REQUIREMENTS FOR EGGS OF TWO RANGELAND GRASSHOPPERS

1987 ◽  
Vol 119 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 653-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
William P. Kemp ◽  
Norma E. Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Grasshopper Species ◽  
Thermal Requirements ◽  
Diapause Development ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Oviposition Sites ◽  
Accumulated Degree Days

AbstractA study was conducted to examine the springtime hatching characteristics of Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.) and Aulocara elliotti (Thomas) eggs on rangeland. Laboratory experiments showed that eggs of M. sanguinipes required fewer accumulated degree days (DD) to complete post-diapause development than those of A. elliotti at a constant temperature of 23.3°C. Springtime field observations revealed that A. elliotti nymphs emerged prior to or concurrent with M. sanguinipes. Additionally, results suggest that A. elliotti nymphs emerge over a shorter interval than M. sanguinipes. Much of the variation in springtime emergence could be attributed to species-specific oviposition sites, pod depth, and pod orientation that resulted in A. elliotti eggs accumulating heat more rapidly than M. sanguinipes eggs. Results help explain some of the variation found in egg hatching of these two grasshopper species on rangeland.

scholarly journals Dopamine regulates termite soldier differentiation through trophallactic behaviours

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 150574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hajime Yaguchi ◽  
Takaya Inoue ◽  
Ken Sasaki ◽  
Kiyoto Maekawa
Keyword(s):  
Social Insects ◽  
Caste Differentiation ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Termite Soldier ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Incipient Colony ◽  
Soldier Differentiation ◽  
Gene Expression Levels

Caste polyphenism in social insects is regulated by social interactions among colony members. Trophallaxis is one of the most frequently observed interactions, but no studies have been conducted identifying the intrinsic factors involved in this behaviour and caste differentiation. Dopamine (DA) has multiple roles in the modulation of behaviours and physiology, and it produces species-specific behaviours in animals. Here, to verify the role of DA in termite soldier differentiation, we focused on the first soldier in an incipient colony of Zootermopsis nevadensis , which always differentiates from the oldest 3rd instar (No. 1 larva) via a presoldier. First, brain DA levels of the No. 1 larva at day 3 after its appearance were significantly higher than day 0. Second, DA synthesis gene expression levels were extraordinarily high in the No. 1 larva at day 0–1 after appearance. Finally, injection of a DA receptor antagonist into the No. 1 larva resulted in the inhibition of presoldier differentiation. Behavioural observations of the antagonist or control-injected larvae suggested that brain DA and signalling activity regulate the frequencies of trophallaxis from reproductives and presoldier differentiation. Because trophallaxis is a social behaviour frequently observed in natural conditions, the role of DA should be investigated in other social insects with frequent trophallactic and allogrooming behaviour.

scholarly journals Effect of Potential Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) Repellents on the Distribution of Juvenile Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in a Laboratory Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-35
Author(s):  
Noelle Stratton ◽  
István Imre ◽  
Richard Di Rocco ◽  
Grant Brown
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Alarm Cues ◽  
Potential Predator ◽  
Alarm Cue ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Predator Cue ◽  
Species Specific

Recent studies have begun to consider the use of chemosensory alarm cues as potential repellents of invasive Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus, 1758) in the Great Lakes Basin. An important factor in determining the efficacy of potential P. marinus repellents is whether they are species-specific. To that end, using laboratory stream channels, this study investigated whether a non-target species, the Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792), would change their distribution in response to damage-released P. marinus alarm cues, potential mammalian predator cues, and damage-released conspecific cues. In groups of 10 individuals per replicate, with 10 replicates per stimulus type, subjects were exposed to one of the following treatment types: deionized water (control), P. marinus extract (heterospecific alarm cue), O. mykiss extract (conspecific alarm cue), 2-phenylethylamine hydrochloride (potential predator cue), and human saliva (potential predator cue). None of the stimuli induced a significant avoidance response during the stimulus observation period as compared to the control. These findings provide preliminary support for the species-specific nature of these proposed alternative P. marinus control measures.

scholarly journals Nesting common eiders (Somateria mollissima) show little behavioral response to fixed-wing drone surveys

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan N Ellis-Felege ◽  
Tanner J Stechmann ◽  
Samuel D Hervey ◽  
Christopher J Felege ◽  
Robert F Rockwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Somateria Mollissima ◽  
Focal Species ◽  
Polar Species ◽  
Common Eiders ◽  
Reducing Activity ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Potential Tool

Drones may be valuable in polar research because they can minimize researcher activity and overcome logistic, financial, and safety obstacles associated with wildlife research in Polar Regions. Because Polar species may be particularly sensitive to disturbance and some research suggests behavioral responses to drones are species-specific, there is a need for focal species-specific disturbance assessments. We evaluated behavioral responses of nesting Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima, n =19 incubating females) to first, second, or in a few cases third exposure of fixed-wing drone surveys using nest cameras. We found no effect of drone flights (F1,23 = 0, P < 1.0) or previous exposures (F1,23 = 0.75, P = 0.397) on the probability of a daily recess event (bird leaves nests). Drone flights did not impact recess length (F1,25 = 1.34, P = 0.26); however, eiders with prior drone exposure took longer recess events (F1,25 = 5.27, P = 0.03). We did not observe any overhead vigilance behaviors common in other species while the drone was in the air, which may reflect eider’s anti-predator strategies of reducing activity at nests in response to aerial predators. Surveying nesting common eider colonies with a fixed-wing drone did not result in biologically meaningful behavioral changes, providing a potential tool for research and monitoring this Polar nesting species.

scholarly journals Consumer and host body size effects on the removal of trematode cercariae by ambient communities

Parasitology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-347
Author(s):  
Jennifer E. Welsh ◽  
Anke Hempel ◽  
Mirjana Markovic ◽  
Jaap van der Meer ◽  
David W. Thieltges
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Size Effects ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Host Body ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Host Body Size ◽  
Significant Mortality

AbstractParasite transmission can be altered via the removal of parasites by the ambient communities in which parasite–host interactions take place. However, the mechanisms driving parasite removal remain poorly understood. Using marine trematode cercariae as a model system, we investigated the effects of consumer and host body size on parasite removal rates. Laboratory experiments revealed that consumer or host body size significantly affected cercarial removal rates in crabs, oysters and cockles but not in shrimps. In general, cercarial removal rates increased with consumer (crabs and oysters) and host (cockles) body size. For the filter feeding oysters and cockles, the effects probably relate to their feeding activity which is known to correlate with bivalve size. Low infection levels found in cockle hosts suggest that parasite removal by hosts also leads to significant mortality of infective stages. The size effects of crab and shrimp predators on cercarial removal rates were more complex and did not show an expected size match-mismatch between predators and their cercarial prey, suggesting that parasite removal rates in predators are species-specific. We conclude that to have a comprehensive understanding of parasite removal by ambient communities, more research into the various mechanisms of cercarial removal is required.

scholarly journals Insect Repellents Mediate Species-Specific Olfactory Behaviors in Mosquitoes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Afify ◽  
Christopher John Potter
Keyword(s):  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Anopheles Coluzzii ◽  
Olfactory Neurons ◽  
Insect Repellents ◽  
Olfactory Responses ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Lemongrass Oil ◽  
Mosquito Repellents ◽  
Species Specific

Abstract Background: The species-specific mode of action for DEET and many other mosquito repellents is often unclear. Confusion may arise for many reasons. First, the response of a single mosquito species is often used to represent all mosquito species. Second, behavioral studies usually test the effect of repellents on mosquito attraction towards human odorants, rather than their direct repulsive effect on mosquitoes. Third, the mosquito sensory neuron responses towards repellents are often not directly examined. Methods: Here, we used a close proximity response assay to test the direct repulsive effect of six mosquito repellents on Anopheles coluzzii , Aedes aegypti , and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Additionally, we used this behavioral assay and calcium imaging recordings of antennae to test the response of An. coluzzii mosquitoes towards two human odorants (1-octen-3-ol and benzaldehyde) at different concentrations, and mixtures of the repellents lemongrass oil and p-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD) with DEET. Results: We found that An. coluzzii mosquitoes were repelled by lemongrass oil and PMD, while Ae. aegypti and Cx. Quinquefasciatus mosquitoes were repelled by lemongrass oil, PMD, eugenol, and DEET. In addition, we found that high concentrations of 1-octen-3-ol and benzaldehyde were repellent, and activated more olfactory receptor neurons on the An. coluzzii antenna than lower concentrations. Finally, we found that changes in olfactory responses to repellent mixtures reflected changes in repulsive behaviors. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that different species of mosquitoes have different behavioral responses to repellents. We further suggest that high-odor concentrations may recruit repellent-sensing neurons, or generally excite many olfactory neurons, yielding repellent behavioral responses. Finally, we show that DEET can decrease the neuronal and behavioral response of An. coluzzii mosquitoes towards PMD but not towards lemongrass oil. Overall, these studies can help inform mosquito repellent choice by species, guide decisions on effective repellent blends, and could ultimately identify the olfactory neurons and receptors in mosquitoes that mediate repellency.

scholarly journals Life in a Shrinking World: Thermal Physiology and Activity of Diurnal Alpine Mammals in Relation to Climate Change

2009 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
James Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
Activity Period ◽  
Optimal Range ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Thermal Requirements ◽  
Thermal Limits ◽  
Thermoneutral Zone ◽  
Needed Information ◽  
Species Specific

The effects of increased global temperatures are being measured in many biological systems. Given the complexity of biological systems, their responses to a changing climate are difficult to predict. Physiologic processes are particularly susceptible to temperature, leading to a species specific optimal range of habitable temperatures. As global temperatures increase, species will be exposed to a changing range of potentially stressful temperatures, especially in species currently living at their thermal limits (e.g., alpine mammals). Warming temperatures may force alpine species to move to higher elevations to maintain thermoneutrality. Ultimately, if temperatures increase as predicted, alpine mammals may be unable to move higher and may face localized extinctions. I hypothesize that, many alpine mammals are currently living at the upper range of their thermoneutral zone and, in response to warming temperatures; alpine mammals will experience ambient temperatures above their upper critical temperature which will limit their activity period. I will measure the metabolic thermoneutral zone of small mammals in relation to temperature at four montane sites in the western U.S. We will focus on small diurnal mammals (chipmunks and pikas) as they are prolific and susceptible to high temperatures. The proposed study will not only provide sorely needed information on the basic thermal requirements of numerous alpine small mammals in the U.S., but that information can be used to generate physiologically relevant models to predict future changes in the altitudinal ranges of these species.

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