Social transnationalism and supranational identifications
This chapter focuses on the degree to which the surveyed national and migrant populations identify with different entities, such as their country of residence, the European Union, or the world as a whole. The comparative analysis shows differences in the transnationalism-identification nexus between nationals in the different countries, between nationals and migrants in the same country and, between migrants in different countries. Overall, the nexus is found to be weaker than expected. We also explore the distinction between Europe-centred supranational identification and a more broadly defined understanding of cosmopolitanism. Evidence reveals that European identification is not a variation of cosmopolitanism, but rather a distinct phenomenon in its own right, which is also more evident in some national contexts.