From social menace to unfulfilled promise: the evolution of policy and practice towards people with intellectual disabilities in the United States

2019 ◽  
pp. 195-206
Author(s):  
Philip M. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Intellectually Disabled ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
History Of ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Post War ◽  
Early Century ◽  
Kennedy Family

This chapter uses the stories of three families, the ‘Kallikaks’, the Kennedys and the Fergusons, to narrate the key stages of the history of intellectual disability in the twentieth century. The so-called‘Kallikaks’ were used as part of the vicious eugenic libel against the intellectually disabled population that stoked the cruel mass institutionalization programmes of the early century. This section tells the story of Emma Wolverton, one of those on whose life stories the mythical Kallikaks were based and created to spread fear and drive segregational policy. The story of the famous Kennedy family shows the post-war journey of the intellectually disabled person from a hidden site of shame to the policy reforms of the community return. Finally, the story of the author’s own family shows some of the great post-reform liberating shifts towards a life of choice and inclusion that have taken place, and alerts us to the brooding threats that still lurk.

Tasteful Networks of Attention

2021 ◽  
pp. 155-170
Author(s):  
Jocelyn Szczepaniak-Gillece
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sense Making ◽  
European Cinema ◽  
History Of ◽  
Audience Behavior ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Relationship

Many moments in the history of American exhibition illuminate the entanglement of hearing and discipline. But few point as clearly at the intertwining of listening, class, architecture, language, taste, and technology—all of which culminate in a particular dispositif of institutional indoctrination via sensory discipline—as the art house theatre and its promise of aspirational uplift for the price of good audience behavior. This chapter considers the relationship between exhibition, subtitling, sense-making lingual sound, cinephilia, spectatorship, and discipline in the late-1950s and early-1960s art house cinemas across the United States. It argues that spectators were trained for import film watching by the practice of subtitling foreign, especially European, cinema. Listening, watching, and interpreting the balance between the two thus constituted a network of proper attention that helped indoctrinate post-war spectators into post-war American taste and leisure culture.

Inventing the Feeble Mind

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Trent
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Mental Deficiency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intellectually Disabled ◽  
The Past ◽  
Economic Vulnerability ◽  
Private Correspondence ◽  
History Of ◽  
States History

Pity, disgust, fear, cure, and prevention—all are words that Americans have used to make sense of what today we call intellectual disability. Inventing the Feeble Mind explores the history of this disability in the United States from its several identifications over the past 200 years—idiocy, imbecility, feeblemindedness, mental defect, mental deficiency, mental retardation, and most recently intellectual disability. Using institutional records, private correspondence, personal memories, and rare photographs, James Trent argues that the economic vulnerability of intellectually disabled people (and often their families), more than the claims made for their intellectual and social limitations, has shaped meaning, services, and policies in United States history.

Environmental Justice: Establishing Causal Relationships

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 377-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Spencer Banzhaf ◽  
Lala Ma ◽  
Christopher Timmins
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Environmental Justice ◽  
The United States ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Causal Mechanisms ◽  
Income Disparities ◽  
The Poor ◽  
History Of ◽  
Effective Policy

The environmental justice literature has found that the poor and people of color are disproportionately exposed to pollution. This literature has sparked a broad activist movement and several policy reforms in the United States and internationally. In this article, we review the literature documenting correlations between pollution and demographics and the history of the related movement, focusing on the United States. We then turn to the potential causal mechanisms behind the observed correlations. Given its focus on causal econometric models, we argue that economics has a comparative advantage in evaluating these mechanisms. We consider ( a) profit-maximizing decisions by firms, ( b) Tiebout-like utility-maximizing decisions by households in the presence of income disparities, ( c) Coasean negotiations between both sides, ( d) political economy explanations and governmental failures, and ( e) intergenerational transmission of poverty. Proper identification of the causal mechanisms underlying observed disproportionate exposures is critical to the design of effective policy to remedy them.

scholarly journals Pier Luigi Nervi negli Stati Uniti. 1952-1979

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Bologna
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Harvard University ◽  
Commercial Success ◽  
Engineering Culture ◽  
Large Structures ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
Mario Salvadori

Pier Luigi Nervi (1891-1979) is the most famous Italian engineer from the twentieth century. In 1952, having reached the peak of his career as a designer and entrepreneur in Italy, Nervi decided to enter the academic and professional world in the United States. Thus he undertook a path that would lead him to achieve fame in America: he promoted the circulation of his writings and works in the top American journals, strengthened his friendship with colleagues such as Pietro Belluschi, Marcel Breuer, Mario Salvadori and José Luis Sert, and held conferences in the most prestigious US universities. In 1962 Harvard University awarded him the Charles Eliot Norton chair. Between 1958 and 1976, thanks to the fame he had won, Studio Nervi succeeded in obtaining and managing important consultancy assignments for the construction of large structures in the United States. This book analyses how Nervi managed to export an idea of construction, characterized by unmistakably original buildings, of great commercial success. The twenty years of Studio Nervi's business in the United States embrace an important part of the history of the relations between post-war Italian engineering culture and American architectural and construction praxis as well as between academia and profession, and, not least, between clients and design studios.

Post-war and Pre-war

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-273
Author(s):  
SALLY MARKS
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cultural Diplomacy ◽  
Terrorist Attack ◽  
The United States ◽  
International History ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Europe ◽  
Post War ◽  
The City ◽  
Silver Lining

In the aftermath of the 11 September 2001 terrorist attack on the United States, a few book editors seeking a silver lining, however slight, suggested that the global shock might generate a revival of international history. As time passed, works gendering (or engendering) the landscape or re-imagining the city remained dominant in the historical profession. Some international historians addressing very recent periods found a bandwagon and focused on cultural diplomacy, which was largely a post-1945 innovation, but the rest of the field continued to languish. Only time will tell if the optimism of the editors was justified, but whether or not ‘9/11’ (as Americans term it) had any causal role, we now have four studies directed to the international history of Europe in the inter-war era.

“Normal Enough”: Paula Patton, Intellectually Disabled Immigrant Children, and the 1924 Immigration Act

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 792-816
Author(s):  
Janet Golden ◽  
John T. Duffy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War I ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
Intellectually Disabled ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Medical Authority ◽  
Ethnic Organizations ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
History Of

Abstract Focusing on immigration in the 1920s, we trace the history of efforts made on behalf of intellectually disabled children who entered the United States on bond during World War I and were subsequently given orders of deportation. Thanks to the activism of community members and ethnic organizations who brought federal lawsuits on their behalf and reached out to Congress and to Presidents Harding and Coolidge, the Immigration Act of 1924 permitted the secretary of labor to allow these young people to remain in the United States. We suggest the need to reconsider the chronology of activism on behalf of the disabled and argue that community skepticism about deportation deserves greater exploration. Finally, we note the challenges to medical authority posed by supporters of the intellectually disabled. Our analysis focuses on the example of Paula Patton, an intellectually disabled girl, and on Clara Kinley, the community activist who supported Paula’s effort to avoid deportation.

scholarly journals American Commonalities and Roots of European Integration

2021 ◽  
Vol 13(49) (3) ◽  
pp. 121-142
Author(s):  
David Reichardt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Relations ◽  
European Integration ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
American Experience ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
European Thought

This article looks deeply into the historical parallels between the American and European experiences of state integration, which have resulted in the United States of America and the European Union, respectively. It first defines the key international relations concept of state integration and compares American and European thought on the idea. It then turns to examine some of the highpoints in the history of integration in the American and European cases. Given the remarkable historical commonalties between the two processes, the article puts forward the idea of the American experience as a chief inspiration and source for European integration. It concludes by suggesting that without the historical example of the United States, as well as massive American post-war assistance to Europe, it is highly doubtful that European integration would have commenced when and as it did.

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