PERKEMBANGAN ILMU SYARAH HADITH: SUATU TELAAH RINGKAS

This paper discusses the development of science of hadith commentary since early century of Hijrah. It traces its historical development and instrumental role in expanding the dynamic understanding of hadith and its science. The paper attempts to illustrate the principle and discipline of usul al-sharh as set forth in the major works of hadith commentary underlying its principle, context and method. The discussion focusses on the method and approaches (ittijahat al-sharh) of traditionalist in interpreting and commenting the texts. The study is based on qualitative method in the form of library research, focusing on content analysis. The sources of documentation was primarily derived from traditional and classical works of hadith and contemporary references that provide extensive analysis of hadith commentary. The study found that the science of hadith commentary was originated in the classical and medieval hadith works that extensively articulated its rigorous and underlying principle. This tradition was continued in modern context in the highly authoritative works of hadith commentary that brought forth modern and contextual approaches in analyzing hadith texts.

Diskursus Perkembangan Ilmu Syarah Hadith: Sebuah Kajian Metodologis dan Historis

The study of the history of the development of hadith and ulumul hadith is one of the studies developed in Islamic science. This study is important because hadith is the second reference to Islam after the Qur'an. Therefore we need an in-depth study of the discourse on the development of "syarah" hadith. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the development of the science of hadith commentary since the early century of Hijrah. It traces its historical development and contribution in expanding the profound understanding of hadith and its science. This paper attempts to illustrate the discipline of usul al-sharh and set forth its underlying method as presented by hadith scholars in their major works of hadith commentary. The discussion focuses on the method and ittijahat al-sharh in interpreting and commenting rigorously on authentic works of hadith.AbstrakPengkajian tentang sejarah perkembangan hadith dan ulumul hadith merupakan salah satu kajian dalam ilmu keislaman. Hal ini disebabkan karena hadith merupakan rujukan Islam yang kedua setelah al-Qur’an. Oleh karena itu diperlukan sebuah kajian yang mendalam tentang diskursus perkembangan ilmu syarah hadith. Adapun tujuan artikel ini mengkaji dinamika perkembangan ilmu syarah sejak abad pertama Hijrah. Di dalamnya akan mengelaborasi pertumbuhan dan sumbangannya dalam mengembangkan pemikiran dan pemahama hadith dan ulumul hadith. Selebihnya juga menjelaskan pemahaman usul al-sharh dan menguraikan kekuatan metode yang digunakan oleh ulama dalam menghasilkan kitab-kitab syarah. Perbincangannya menfokuskan kepada manhaj dan ittijahat al-sharh yang digunakan dalam mengupas dan membahaskan kitab-kitab hadith yang muktabar.

Automated Cell Nuclei Segmentation on Cervical Smear Images Using Structure Analysis

Cervical cancer is a common cancer that affects women around the world, and it is also the most common cancer in the developing countries. The cancer burden has increased due to several factors, such as population growth and ageing. In the early century, the systematization of cervical cancer cells takes some time to process manually, and the result that comes out is also inaccurate. This article presents a new nucleus segmentation on pap smear cell images based on structured analysis or morphological approach. Morphology is a broad set of image processing operations that process images based on shape, size and structure. This operation applies a structural element of the image to create an output image of the same size. The most basic of these operations are dilation and erosion. The results of the numerical analysis indicate that the proposed method achieved about 94.38% (sensitivity), 82.56% (specificity) and 93% (accuracy). Also, the resulting performance was compared to a few existing techniques such as Bradley Method, Nick Method and Sauvola Method. The results presented here may facilitate improvements in the detection method of the pap smear cell image to resolve the time-consuming issue and support better system performance to prevent low precision result of the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) stages. The main impact of this paper is will help the doctor to identify the patient disease based on Pap smear analysis such as cervical cancer and increase the percentages of accuracy compared to the conventional method. Successful implementation of the nucleus detection techniques on Pap smear image can become a standard technique for the diagnosis of various microbiological infections such as Malaria and Tuberculosis.

Introduction to the current status of solar magnetic field measurements in China

<p>Solar magnetic field is a key paramters to understand the solar activity and its influence to the interplanetary space in the solar system. The solar magnetic field measurement is always an enormous challenge to the solar community. We firstly overview the history of solar magnetic field measurement since last early century and analyze the difficulty and progress of pratical methods. Then we introduce an infrared system for the accurate measurement of solar magnetic field (AIMS) and its current progress, which is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China and also the current ongoing space based projects (ASO-S/FMG) to measure the solar magnetic field in China.</p>

В.В. РОЗАНОВ О Д.С. МЕРЕЖКОВСКОМ И НЕ ТОЛЬКО: К ИСТОРИИ ДВУХ РАЗГОВОРОВ

The paper analyzes an article by Vassily Rosanov “Representatives of the ‘new religious consciousness” (1908). The article was published under the pseudonym of V. Varvarin in the newspaper Russkoe slovo (“Russian Word”), it was written in the unusual for Rosanov form of half-fiction. The article describes the ten years ago events which became turning points for the Rosanov’s world view. Those events were the acquaintance with Dmitry Merezhkovsky and Zinaida Gippius and two conversations about Christianity. Actually, in that article Rosanov reconstructed in details stages of changing his worldview and perception of religion. Notably the decadents and their unorthodox religiosity, debates with positivism, constant stylistic experiments became to him the nearest in thoughts. In the years 1896–1897 Rosanov changed his view upon the gender, marriage, correlations between New and Old Testaments. Rosanov tries to remind in his article about the early century discussions. That is why he opted for the form of estranged narration on himself as a major representatives the new trend of religious seeking. The paper also analyzes as the very mechanism of self-representation and also its purposes and results.

From social menace to unfulfilled promise: the evolution of policy and practice towards people with intellectual disabilities in the United States

This chapter uses the stories of three families, the ‘Kallikaks’, the Kennedys and the Fergusons, to narrate the key stages of the history of intellectual disability in the twentieth century. The so-called‘Kallikaks’ were used as part of the vicious eugenic libel against the intellectually disabled population that stoked the cruel mass institutionalization programmes of the early century. This section tells the story of Emma Wolverton, one of those on whose life stories the mythical Kallikaks were based and created to spread fear and drive segregational policy. The story of the famous Kennedy family shows the post-war journey of the intellectually disabled person from a hidden site of shame to the policy reforms of the community return. Finally, the story of the author’s own family shows some of the great post-reform liberating shifts towards a life of choice and inclusion that have taken place, and alerts us to the brooding threats that still lurk.

Bayesian Hierarchical Model Uncertainty Quantification for Future Hydroclimate Projections in Southern Hills-Gulf Region, USA

The study investigates the hierarchical uncertainty of multi-ensemble hydroclimate projections for the Southern Hills-Gulf region, USA, considering emission pathways and a global climate model (GCM) as two main sources of uncertainty. Forty projections of downscaled daily air temperature and precipitation from 2010 to 2099 under four emission pathways and ten CMIP5 GCMs are adopted for hydroclimate modeling via the HELP3 hydrologic model. This study focuses on evapotranspiration (ET), surface runoff, and groundwater recharge projections in this century. Climate projection uncertainty is characterized by the hierarchical Bayesian model averaging (HBMA) method, which segregates emission pathway uncertainty and climate model uncertainty. HBMA is able to derive ensemble means and standard deviations, arising from individual uncertainty sources, for ET, runoff, and recharge. The model results show that future recharge in the Southern Hills-Gulf region is more sensitive to different climate projections and exhibits higher variability than ET and runoff. Overall, ET is likely to increase and runoff is likely to decrease in this century given the current emission path scenarios. Runoff are predicted to have an 18% to 20% decrease and ET is predicted to have around a 3% increase throughout the century. Groundwater recharge is likely to increase in this century with a decreasing trend. Recharge would increase about 13% in the early century and will have only a 3% increase in the late century. All hydrological projections have increasing uncertainty towards the end of the century. The HBMA result suggests that the GCM uncertainty dominates the overall hydrological projection uncertainty in the early century and the mid-century. The emission pathway uncertainty becomes important in the late century.

Carl Czerny's Mechanical Reproductions

This article reassesses the “mechanical” style of playing featured in Carl Czerny's pedagogical works and keyboard arrangements—specifically, the Complete Theoretical and Practical Piano Forte School, op. 500 (1839), its supplementary text Letters to a Young Lady (ca. 1840), and the four-hand transcription of Beethoven's Symphony no. 9 in D Minor, op. 125 (the “Choral”). The first part of the article situates opus 500 within the larger pedagogical milieu of Biedermeier music culture and Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi's progressivist educational reforms, exploring the way it tasked predominantly women amateurs with assembling basic finger sensations in an exercise-by-exercise—“progressive”—fashion. I propose that this cumulative logic reflects an early-century epistemic norm—what Friedrich Kittler dubs a “mechanical program” of assembly and augmentation. The second part considers Czerny's transcription of the finale of Beethoven's Ninth from the perspective of ludo-musicology and cultural techniques media analysis, outlining the reductive and replicative—“reproductive”—techniques by which Czerny accommodated his former teacher's work to the hands he shaped in the private sphere. I argue that his pedagogies and transcriptions were recursively interrelated. Czerny was simultaneously a mechanic of the hand pedagogically and a mechanical reproducer of symphonies transcriptively, creating a multivalent corpus that forces us to rethink the media-theoretical concept of “mechanical reproduction” vis-à-vis “Discourse Network 1800.”