scholarly journals Demand-oriented innovation policy: Mapping the field and proposing a research agenda for developing countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 158-181
Author(s):  
Pável Reyes-Mercado ◽  
Adrianela Angeles ◽  
Guillermo Jesús Larios-Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
English Language ◽  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Deep Focus ◽  
Research Propositions ◽  
Innovation Policies

This article conducts a scoping review of demand side innovation policies and its associated instruments in relevant English language academic literature. Demand-side innovation policies aim to improve contextual conditions to encourage innovation adoption to address government-defined societal challenges. From the demand approach, innovation policy is expected to involve a directionality, which originates from collective priorities around relevant problems. Based on a scooping review of the innovation policy literature from the demand perspective, this research has characterized trends in the discussion about innovation policies that target such challenges, a perspective that complements the traditional supply side policy instruments. Findings indicate that literature on demand-side policies has mainly addressed energy and sustainability issues in European countries and China. Additionally, although demand-side policies have been advocated for a relatively long time, the literature recognizes that a policy mix involving also the supply-side can be more effective in encouraging innovation. In Latin America, demand-side policies have been poorly understood, leading to a defective implementation of policies and instruments. The stage of research on demand-side policies is still evolving and this article advances research propositions on innovation policy, with a deep focus on how they can be implemented in innovation-lagging developing countries.

scholarly journals Macroeconomics of growth

2019 ◽  
pp. 59-91
Author(s):  
Deepak Nayyar
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Macroeconomic Policies ◽  
Government Deficits ◽  
Inflation Rates ◽  
Investment Growth

Economic growth over fifty years in the Asian-14 has been stunning. Investment and savings, which rose rapidly, were the main drivers of growth. Education was also a sustained driver of growth on the supply-side. From the demand-side, growth was primarily private-consumption-expenditure led and investment led. The interaction between the supply-side and the demand-side suggests a virtuous circle of cumulative causation, where rapid investment growth coincided in time with rapid export growth, leading to rapid GDP growth. In macroeconomic management, the successful countries did not follow orthodox prescriptions of balanced budgets and price stability. Their primary macroeconomic objectives were economic growth and employment creation. Their macroeconomic policies were also more versatile in their use of policy instruments. Their success in maintaining high growth rates increased their degrees of freedom, which enabled them to finance government deficits and raise sustainable levels of government borrowing, while making higher inflation rates politically more acceptable, which would not have been possible if economic growth was slow.

Regional Innovation Systems: Finland’s Experience

2012 ◽  
pp. 51-63
Author(s):  
V. Pchelintsev
Keyword(s):  
Systems Approach ◽  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Innovation Systems ◽  
Regional Innovation Systems ◽  
Regional Innovation ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Innovation Policies

The paper examines governmental strategies, main actors and instruments of innovation policies shaping innovation-driven economy in Finland, with particular attention to the regional scale. The analysis focuses on how the regional innovation systems approach became a framework for the design of innovation policies. An innovation system involves cooperation between firms and knowledge creating and diffusing organizations, – such as universities, colleges, training organizations, R&D-institutes, technology transfer agencies. Innovations are considered as interactive learning process. Cooperation and interaction between regional/local and national/international actors is necessary to combine both local and non-local knowledge, skills and competences. The key elements of the policy environment, as well as implementation of the main regional innovation policy instruments – the Centers of Expertise Programme and Regional Centre Programme – are described.

scholarly journals Business advice and lending in small firms

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anoosheh Rostamkalaei ◽  
Mark Freel
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Small Firms ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Business Risk ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Sme Finance ◽  
Advice Seeking ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
The Uk

The literature on lending to small firms has primarily focused on the mechanisms and methods used to evaluate entrepreneurs and businesses and on the types of firms that are more likely to experience unfavourable application outcomes. That is, the focus of most empirical research is on supply-side decisions. The current research attempts to shed some light on demand-side considerations. Drawing upon data collected as the UK SME Finance Monitor (2011–2014), we identify links between entrepreneurs' diligence, business risk and finance-related advice-seeking prior to initiating loan and overdraft applications. The results show evidence of the usefulness of advice in ameliorating, both structural and strategic, business risk and improving the prospects of successful debt applications to banks.

What determines supply and demand for occupational pensions in Germany?

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
KATHRIN DUMMANN
Keyword(s):  
Pension System ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Occupational Pension ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Private Pensions ◽  
Occupational Pensions ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Supply Side Factors ◽  
Old Age Benefits

AbstractDemographic change causes an undersupply of financial old age benefits within the statutory pay-as-you-go pension system in Germany. Therefore, the provision of occupational as well as private pensions has to be enhanced. However, there seems to be an undersupply of occupational pension provision particularly in small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). Using survey data of the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) and the German SAVE survey, the present paper studies econometrically the determinants of occupational pension provision in Germany. It shows that occupational pensions depend not only on supply-side factors such as firm size and industry, but also on demand-side factors such as individual sociodemo-graphic attributes and people's savings motives.

An integrated model of intensity of activity opportunities on supply side and tour destination & departure time choices on demand side

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 63-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajesh Paleti ◽  
Ahmadreza Faghih Imani ◽  
Naveen Eluru ◽  
Hsi-Hwa Hu ◽  
Guoxiong Huang
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Model ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Departure Time

scholarly journals INDEKS KETERANGKUMAN KEWANGAN DI NEGARA SEDANG MEMBANGUN MENGGUNAKAN KAEDAH BUKAN PARAMETRIK DAN PARAMETRIK

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-103
Author(s):  
Rosmah Nizam ◽  
Zulkefly Abd Karim ◽  
Aisyah Abdul Rahman ◽  
Tamat Sarmidi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Principle Component Analysis ◽  
Parametric Method ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Principle Component ◽  
Index Value ◽  
Financial Technology ◽  
Non Parametric

Tujuan dan Latarbelakang: Kajian ini bertujuan membuat penambahbaikan pengiraan indeks keterangkuman kewangan dengan mengambilkira dimensi teknologi kewangan digital (fintech) dan menggunakan data daripada sebelah penawaran (supply-side) dan permintaan (demand-side) yang melibatkan negara sedang membangun terpilih bagi tahun 2014 dan 2017 (68 buah negara).   Metodologi: Untuk mengukur indeks keterangkuman kewangan, kajian ini menggabungkan kaedah bukan-parametrik melalui model ukuran multidimensi dan kaedah parametrik Analisis Komponen Utama (PCA).   Dapatan: Keputusan empirik kajian dengan menggunakan analisis PCA mendapati bahawa indeks keterangkuman kewangan yang dikemukakan dengan penambahbaikan dimensi fintech mempunyai kepentingan relatif dan hubungan yang signifikan terhadap tahap keterangkuman kewangan. Kajian ini menunjukkan nilai indeks yang tinggi menggambarkan tahap keterangkuman kewangan yang baik dan inklusif, manakala nilai indeks yang rendah adalah sebaliknya.   Sumbangan: Implikasi daripada kajian ini menunjukkan kepentingan penggubal dasar untuk membentuk strategi dalam konteks keterangkuman kewangan di sesebuah negara. Selain itu, akses kepada perkhidmatan teknologi kewangan digital harus diperluaskan untuk meningkatkan tahap kewangan yang lebih inklusif dan mencapai keterangkuman kewangan sempurna.   Kata kunci: Analisis komponen utama (PCA), bukan parametrik, fintech, indeks keterangkuman kewangan, multidimensi, parametrik.   ABSTRACT Background and Purpose: This paper aims to improve the construction of the index of financial inclusion with digital financial technology (fintech) dimensions, using supply-side and demand-side data from selected developing countries for 2014 and 2017 (68 countries).   Methodology: To measure the index of financial inclusion, this study combines non-parametric methods through the multidimensional measurement model proposed by Mandira Sarma (2012) and the Principle Component Analysis (PCA) as a parametric method.   Findings: The empirical findings of the study using PCA analysis found that improvement on proposed index of financial inclusion using fintech dimensions has a relative importance and significant relationship to the level of financial inclusiveness.  This study shows that the higher index value reflecting the more inclusive of financial inclusion, while the lower index value is vice versa.   Contributions: This study concludes that it is important for policy makers to shape policies and strategies within the context of financial inclusion in a country. In addition, access to digital financial technology services should be expanded to increase the level of financial inclusiveness and achieve complete financial inclusion.   Keywords: Financial inclusion index, fintech, multidimensional, non-parametric, parametric, Principle Component Analysis (PCA).   Cite as: Nizam, R., Abd Karim, Z., Abdul Rahman, A., & Sarmidi, T. (2020). Indeks keterangkuman kewangan di negara sedang membangun menggunakan kaedah bukan parametrik dan parametric [Financial inclusion index in developing countries using non-parametric and parametric method]. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 5(1), 80-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol5iss1pp80-103

scholarly journals Energy Crisis and Productive Inefficiency: Micro-Evidence from Textile Sector of Faisalabad

2013 ◽  
Vol 52 (4I) ◽  
pp. 447-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haider Ali ◽  
Muhammad Nawaz
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Growth Process ◽  
Output Growth ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Textile Sector

Energy, being an essential component of every production process, plays a pivotal role in the growth process of a country. The production process has undergone a massive transition from labour intensive to energy intensive techniques [Stern and Cleveland (2004)]. Now, it is widely recognised that industrialisation is an energy-intensive process; hence, uninterrupted supply of energy is necessary to keep the production process in run. In addition, high percapita energy consumption is considered as an indicator of the level of economic development. This positive correlation between energy consumption and output growth (and development) led many countries, particularly developing ones, to design policies for subsidised energy provision with focus on supply-side in late eighties. At the same time, some European countries (i.e. Germany, Denmark, Belgium, Sweden) formulated energy policy focusing on demand-side (energy conservation), and achieved smaller growth rates in energy consumption without any reduction in economic growth [Pintz (1986)].

scholarly journals Innovation policy instruments through the lens of open innovation. An analysis in the Spanish context

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-80
Author(s):  
María Luisa Flor ◽  
José Luis Blasco Díaz ◽  
María Lidón Lara Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
Open Innovation ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Knowledge Flows ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Regional Innovation Systems ◽  
Regional Innovation ◽  
Innovation Practices ◽  
Innovation Policies

Open innovation (OI) involves the deliberate use of external and internal knowledge flows by organisations in order to accelerate their innovations and expand the markets for the external use of innovations. Despite the relevance of OI for firms’ competitiveness, firms’ abilities to leverage and combine internal and external knowledge flows cannot be taken for granted. In this context, innovation policies can play a crucial role in stimulating firms’ OI strategies. The objective of this research is to examine the degree to which existing public innovation policies promote open innovation by companies. In doing so, we review the set of innovation policy instruments developed by governments within the Spanish national and regional innovation systems and examine the extent to which they support open innovation by companies, either by facilitating firms’ open innovation practices or by acting on the external factors that influence them. Our results show that innovation policies in Spanish national and regional settings partially promote firms’ open innovation, since governments base their actions on the interaction between science, industry and government, sometimes with intermediaries that promote it. We propose the development of instruments to encourage firms to implement open innovation practices in such a way that they complement the existing ones and can fully achieve the benefits associated with open innovation.

scholarly journals Evaluating Elements of Demand-Side Policy Imperatives for Biogas from Waste Scheme Diffusion in the UK

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Abhijeet Acharya ◽  
Lisa A. Cave
Keyword(s):  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Market Failures ◽  
Policy Model ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
The Uk

Over the last decade, demand-side policies are increasingly implemented to correct market failures and overcome the systemic problem in complex social-technical systems such as energy transition. This paradigm shift in policy approach results from realizing that relying solely on supply-side policy instruments to push innovative solutions into the market is insufficient. As part of the energy transition, many developed countries have considered Biogas from Waste (BfW) based on the Anaerobic Digestion (AD) process as a realistic renewable energy source and aim to create social, economic, and environmental benefits for their communities. Despite several policy instruments in the UK over the last ten years, the growth of BfW schemes remains subdued and faces market failures. This paper aims to evaluate elements of demand-side policies focused on addressing market failures to increase the diffusion of BfW schemes in the UK. We discussed effective demand-side policies related to the biogas sector in other European countries like Sweden, Denmark, and Italy. In the analysis, we observed UK’s policy instruments do not effectively address market externalities in the biogas sector. We also observed the biomethane market share in the UK is minimal; there is no market policy for green gas labeling towards demand articulation. The paper also made recommendations for policymakers in the UK to address market failures by proposing a push-pull policy model that combines demand-side policy interventions with supply-side policies.

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