scholarly journals Evaluating Elements of Demand-Side Policy Imperatives for Biogas from Waste Scheme Diffusion in the UK

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Abhijeet Acharya ◽  
Lisa A. Cave
Keyword(s):  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Market Failures ◽  
Policy Model ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
The Uk

Over the last decade, demand-side policies are increasingly implemented to correct market failures and overcome the systemic problem in complex social-technical systems such as energy transition. This paradigm shift in policy approach results from realizing that relying solely on supply-side policy instruments to push innovative solutions into the market is insufficient. As part of the energy transition, many developed countries have considered Biogas from Waste (BfW) based on the Anaerobic Digestion (AD) process as a realistic renewable energy source and aim to create social, economic, and environmental benefits for their communities. Despite several policy instruments in the UK over the last ten years, the growth of BfW schemes remains subdued and faces market failures. This paper aims to evaluate elements of demand-side policies focused on addressing market failures to increase the diffusion of BfW schemes in the UK. We discussed effective demand-side policies related to the biogas sector in other European countries like Sweden, Denmark, and Italy. In the analysis, we observed UK’s policy instruments do not effectively address market externalities in the biogas sector. We also observed the biomethane market share in the UK is minimal; there is no market policy for green gas labeling towards demand articulation. The paper also made recommendations for policymakers in the UK to address market failures by proposing a push-pull policy model that combines demand-side policy interventions with supply-side policies.

scholarly journals Macroeconomics of growth

2019 ◽  
pp. 59-91
Author(s):  
Deepak Nayyar
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Macroeconomic Policies ◽  
Government Deficits ◽  
Inflation Rates ◽  
Investment Growth

Economic growth over fifty years in the Asian-14 has been stunning. Investment and savings, which rose rapidly, were the main drivers of growth. Education was also a sustained driver of growth on the supply-side. From the demand-side, growth was primarily private-consumption-expenditure led and investment led. The interaction between the supply-side and the demand-side suggests a virtuous circle of cumulative causation, where rapid investment growth coincided in time with rapid export growth, leading to rapid GDP growth. In macroeconomic management, the successful countries did not follow orthodox prescriptions of balanced budgets and price stability. Their primary macroeconomic objectives were economic growth and employment creation. Their macroeconomic policies were also more versatile in their use of policy instruments. Their success in maintaining high growth rates increased their degrees of freedom, which enabled them to finance government deficits and raise sustainable levels of government borrowing, while making higher inflation rates politically more acceptable, which would not have been possible if economic growth was slow.

scholarly journals MITIGATING CO EMISSIONS FROM THE POWER SECTOR: LEAST-COST ANALYSIS OF POLICY OPTIONS IN THAILAND

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
Bundit Limmeechokchai ◽  
Somporn Tanatvan ◽  
Ram M. Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Resource Planning ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Generation Expansion Planning ◽  
Power Sector ◽  
Expansion Planning ◽  
Generation Expansion ◽  
Integrated Resource Planning

Traditionally, the method used in the electricity generation expansion planning has concentrated only on the supply-side options to identify the sequence of generation additions meet the forecasted demand at a minimum cost. Electricity generation expansion planning with both supply- and demand-side options, commonly known as integrated resource planning are also being used in some developed countries. With growing environmental concerns, especially the emission of air-pollutants from the power generation, demand-side management and clean and efficient generation technology options in the power sector development are getting increasing attention. In this paper, we compare the traditional planning approach with integrated resource planning. We also analyze the implications of CO2 reduction targets for the power sector development in the framework of supply side planning by including clean supply-side technologies as candidate plants. During the planning horizon, generation capacity of 365 MW and a cumulative electricity generation or 61,681 GWh would be avoided through the use of efficient demand-side technologies compared to the business-as-usual (BAU) case. When the clean supply-side options considered in the least-cost planning process, three units of 100-MW biomass-based plants are selected. The long run average cost of generation is found to increase by 0.32, 0.65 and 1.61% at the level of CO2 emission reduction target of 5, 10, and 20%, respectively.

scholarly journals Business advice and lending in small firms

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anoosheh Rostamkalaei ◽  
Mark Freel
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Small Firms ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Business Risk ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Sme Finance ◽  
Advice Seeking ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
The Uk

The literature on lending to small firms has primarily focused on the mechanisms and methods used to evaluate entrepreneurs and businesses and on the types of firms that are more likely to experience unfavourable application outcomes. That is, the focus of most empirical research is on supply-side decisions. The current research attempts to shed some light on demand-side considerations. Drawing upon data collected as the UK SME Finance Monitor (2011–2014), we identify links between entrepreneurs' diligence, business risk and finance-related advice-seeking prior to initiating loan and overdraft applications. The results show evidence of the usefulness of advice in ameliorating, both structural and strategic, business risk and improving the prospects of successful debt applications to banks.

Subsidizing the Housing Costs of Lower-Income Tenants

2020 ◽  
pp. 195-210
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Meen ◽  
Christine Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Private Renting ◽  
Housing Subsidies ◽  
Housing Costs ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Uk

Chapter 12 turns to tenant subsidies. Since the introduction of income-related housing subsidies to tenants in the early 1970s there has been continuing debate about the relative weight to be given to demand side and supply side subsidies. The numbers helped by the second is limited by available supply while in the UK the first provides an as of right benefit to all eligible households in both the social and private rented sectors. Other issues relate to the efficiency and capacity to target assistance, the relative public expenditure costs to achieve government objectives, and their impact on the allocation of affordable housing and on work incentives. One of the most important and unpredicted changes in housing has been the growth of private renting which now accommodates around 20 per cent of households in the UK. The chapter discusses these tenure shifts and examines how austerity, regulation and changes to welfare policy have impacted on households and affordability.

scholarly journals Demand-oriented innovation policy: Mapping the field and proposing a research agenda for developing countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 158-181
Author(s):  
Pável Reyes-Mercado ◽  
Adrianela Angeles ◽  
Guillermo Jesús Larios-Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
English Language ◽  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Deep Focus ◽  
Research Propositions ◽  
Innovation Policies

This article conducts a scoping review of demand side innovation policies and its associated instruments in relevant English language academic literature. Demand-side innovation policies aim to improve contextual conditions to encourage innovation adoption to address government-defined societal challenges. From the demand approach, innovation policy is expected to involve a directionality, which originates from collective priorities around relevant problems. Based on a scooping review of the innovation policy literature from the demand perspective, this research has characterized trends in the discussion about innovation policies that target such challenges, a perspective that complements the traditional supply side policy instruments. Findings indicate that literature on demand-side policies has mainly addressed energy and sustainability issues in European countries and China. Additionally, although demand-side policies have been advocated for a relatively long time, the literature recognizes that a policy mix involving also the supply-side can be more effective in encouraging innovation. In Latin America, demand-side policies have been poorly understood, leading to a defective implementation of policies and instruments. The stage of research on demand-side policies is still evolving and this article advances research propositions on innovation policy, with a deep focus on how they can be implemented in innovation-lagging developing countries.

Sub-Optimality in NHS Sourcing in the UK: Demand-Side Constraints on Supply-Side Improvement

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Cox ◽  
Dan Chicksand ◽  
Paul Ireland
Keyword(s):  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Side Constraints ◽  
The Uk

Food Consumption and Health

2011 ◽  
pp. 715-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrice Etilé
Keyword(s):  
Policy Evaluation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Market Failures ◽  
Economic Literature ◽  
Historical Trends ◽  
Public Intervention ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Current Trends

This article reviews the economic literature on the causes and consequences of current trends in food-related chronic diseases (FRCD) from a policy evaluation viewpoint. It focuses on policy interventions on the consumer side in developed countries. It recalls some key facts regarding historical trends in nutrition and FRCD, and highlights individual heterogeneity that is hidden behind aggregate trends. Some estimates of the medical and human capital costs of FRCD are also provided. It then considers the normative rationales for public intervention: market failures, such as the presence of externalities; and failures of consumer rationality. This article brings together some of the available empirical evidence regarding price and information policies and proposes some directions for future research.

scholarly journals Selection of Policy Instruments on Integrated Care in China: Based on Documents Content Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2327
Author(s):  
Xin Yue ◽  
Kaining Mu ◽  
Lihang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Policy ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Integrated Care ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Care Policy ◽  
Policy Documents ◽  
Environmental Policy Instruments ◽  
Service Supply Chains

Facing the aggravating trend of an aging population and a fragmented medical service delivery system, the Chinese Central Government has introduced a series of policies to promote the development of integrated care against the background of the “Healthy China Strategy”. The achievement of integrated care depends on the choice of policy instruments. However, few studies have focused on how policy instruments promote the practice of integrated care in China. This article aims to obtain a deeper understanding of the use of policy instruments in the development of integrated care in China. Policy documents are the carriers of policy instruments. National-level integrated care policy documents from 2009 to 2019 were selected. Using the qualitative document analysis method, this paper conducts an analysis of integrated care policy instruments. In order to comprehensively view the integrated care policy instruments, a three-dimensional analytical framework consisting of the policy instruments dimension, stakeholders dimension, and health service supply chains dimension is proposed. The results are as follows. (1) From the perspective of policy instruments, the integrated care policy has adopted supply-side policy instruments, demand-side policy instruments, and environmental policy instruments. Among the three types of policy instruments, environmental policy instruments are used most frequently, supply-side policies are preferred, while demand-side policy instruments are relatively inadequate. (2) As for the stakeholders dimension, the central policy instruments focus on the health service providers, while less attention is paid to the health service demanders. (3) In terms of health service supply chains, the number of policy instruments used in the prevention stage is the highest, followed by the treatment stage, whereas less attention paid to the rehabilitation stage. Finally, suggestions were made for the development of integrated care by better perfecting policy instruments.

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