<i>Green Ash, Red Maple, Black Gum</i> (review)

Abstract Four experiments were conducted to investigate herbicides currently labeled for field and/or container production for use in pot-in-pot production. Southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora L.), red maple (Acer rubrum Spach. ‘Autumn Flame’ and ‘Franksred’), ornamental pear (Pyrus calleryana Decne. ‘Bradford’ and ‘Cleveland Select’), river birch (Betula nigra L.), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. and F. pennsylvanica Marsh.‘Marshall's Seedless’), and zelkova (Zelkova serrata Spach ‘Village Green’) were evaluated for herbicide tolerance. Barricade 65WG, Surflan 4AS, and Pendulum 60WDG, used alone or in combination with Princep and Gallery 75 DF, had no adverse effect on tree shoot growth or trunk caliper growth when applied as a directed band application. Weed control varied depending upon local site conditions, herbicide rate and weed species.

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Wound Compartmentalization in Cultivars of Acer, Gleditsia, and Other Genera

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-2.4.123 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 123-125

Author(s):

Frank S. Santamour

Keyword(s):

Plant Material ◽

Green Ash ◽

Red Maple ◽

Mature Trees ◽

Wood Discoloration ◽

Silver Maple ◽

Norway Maple ◽

Callery Pear

Results of studies on a broad range of plant material (20 cultivars in 7 genera) suggest that most, if not all, landscape tree culttvars that have been successfully commercially propagated by budding or grafting are strong wound compartmentalizers. All of the cultivars tested with chisel wounds on mature trees or young plants exhibited strong wound compartmentalization that prevented wood discoloration from occurring in tissue internal to the wound zone. These included red maple cultivars ‘Armstrong,’ ‘Autumn Flame,’ ‘Bowhall,’ ‘Gerling,’ ‘October Glory,’ ‘Red Sunset,’ ‘Scarlet Sentinel,’ ‘Tilford,’ ‘V.J. Drake,’ and ‘Wageri’; Norway maple ‘Emerald Queen’; silver maple ‘Silver Queen’; honeylocust ‘Majestic,’ ‘Skyline,’ and ‘Sunburst’; ginkgo ‘Pendula’; Callery pear ‘Bradford’; green ash ‘Marshall Seedless’; American linden ‘Nova’; and ‘Regent’ scholartree.

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How Planting Method, Weed Abatement, and Herbivory Affect Afforestation Success

Southern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/sjaf/31.2.85 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 85-92 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Bernard W. Sweeney ◽

Stephen J. Czapka ◽

L. Carol A. Petrow

Keyword(s):

Acer Rubrum ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Green Ash ◽

Red Maple ◽

Test Species ◽

Tree Shelters ◽

Seedling Survivorship ◽

Cercis Canadensis ◽

Method Of Planting ◽

Planting Method

Abstract The success of upland and riparian afforestation depends on landowners making informed decisions about key factors such as the quality of seedlings (species, size, and root stock), planting technique, site preparation, weed and herbivore control, and planting pattern for the plantation. We show here that the short-term (1 year) and longer-term (3 year) effects on seedling survivorship and growth due to planting technique (dibble-bar versus auger) did not differ significantly for the five test species (red maple [Acer rubrum L.], eastern redbud [Cercis canadensis L.], green ash [Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh], sweetbay magnolia [Magnolia virginiana L.], and sweet gum [Liquidambar styraciflua L.]). Weed treatment (tree mats, initial herbiciding, and annual herbiciding) also failed to significantly increase seedling survivorship or growth, a result hypothesized to be caused by high moisture and nutrient content of soils on the site. In contrast, tree shelters significantly increased seedling survivorship and growth after 1 and 3 years. For some species, 3-year survivorship was up to fivefold higher with shelters. Long-term weed control increased survivorship of sheltered seedlings but decreased survivorship for those without shelters because of increased exposure to deer. For this site, successful afforestation depends more on protecting seedlings from herbivory with tree shelters than on either the method of planting or the method of controlling weeds.

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Compost-Containing Substrates and Their Effect on Posttransplant Growth of Containerized Tree Seedlings

Arboriculture & Urban Forestry ◽

10.48044/jauf.2006.037 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 32 (6) ◽

pp. 289-296

Author(s):

Bruce Roberts

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

Particle Density ◽

Pore Space ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Tree Seedlings ◽

Total Biomass ◽

Green Ash ◽

Red Maple ◽

Biosolid Compost

Greenhouse studies were undertaken to determine the influence of composted media on the posttransplant growth of containerized red maple, sugar maple, and green ash seedlings. Before planting, the chemical and physical properties of each substrate were measured. For media containing composted biosolids, pH was significantly higher, whereas electrical conductivity, air-filled porosity, and total pore space were significantly lower than in a composted medium without biosolids. For composted substrates containing at least some soil, bulk density, particle density, and container capacity were all significantly greater than for composts without any soil. Growth of red maple was about the same in a noncomposted soilless medium (Metro-mix 360) as it was in substrates containing biosolid compost. Height growth, total biomass, and root biomass of green ash were all significantly greater for seedlings grown in Metro-mix 360 only, and the growth of sugar maple seedlings was about the same in Metro-mix 360 or in a composted substrate without biosolids (Metro-mix 560). The results of this study suggest no particular short-term growth advantage of using composted media as backfill amendments when transplanting; however, the addition of composts could be beneficial in improving the chemical and physical properties of native soils, particularly urban soils containing very low levels of organic matter.

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WEEKLY COLD HARDINESS LEVELS OF SEVEN DECIDUOUS HARDWOODS OVER THREE WINTER SEASONS

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1143b ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (9) ◽

pp. 1143b-1143

Author(s):

Orville M. Lindstrom

Keyword(s):

Acer Saccharum ◽

Cold Hardiness ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Temperature Fluctuations ◽

Quercus Alba ◽

Green Ash ◽

Red Maple ◽

White Oak ◽

Response To Temperature

The cold hardiness of seven deciduous hardwoods, red maple (Acer rubrum L.), white oak, (Quercus alba L.), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.), sweetgum (Liguidambar stryaciflua L.), sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), river birch (Betula nigra L.) and black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) were evaluated weekly during the fall, winter and spring for three consecutive years. All trees evaluated were established (20-40 years old) and locatd on the Georgia Station Griffin, GA. Each species developed a maximum cold hardiness of at least -30 C by mid-January or early February each season. Response to temperature fluctuations varied with species. Red maple, for example, lost less cold hardiness due to warm mid-winter temperatures than the other species tested, while white oak tended to respond more quickly to the temperature fluctuations. Data will be presented comparing the response of cold hardiness to mid-winter temperature fluctuations for each species for the three year period.

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Tree Improvement and Hardwood Silviculture

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc53226-4 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 53 (4) ◽

pp. 226-228

Author(s):

R. F. Calvert

Keyword(s):

Native Species ◽

Main Stream ◽

Green Ash ◽

Red Maple ◽

White Ash ◽

Parental Stock ◽

Genetically Improved ◽

Transfer Rules ◽

Minimum Delay ◽

Forest Manager

The forest manager has a genetic input into hardwood silviculture when managing native stands to secure natural regeneration or when regenerating a stand artificially by planting or direct seeding. This is because by the cutting or planting of trees, the forester is in effect influencing the genetic make-up of the forest, i.e. he is controlling the parental stock of future generations. When collecting seed, strict transfer rules should be applied and if possible seed should be collected from the best trees available. Genetically improved hardwood material will be incorporated into the main stream of forest production by planting mainly on cutover forest land. Silvicultural research into this problem is largely lacking for most of our native species. Hardwood improvement research is being carried out in black walnut, green ash, white ash and red maple. The program is being carried out in cooperation with workers in silvicultural research to assure that advances will become practice with minimum delay.

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Dikegulac Sodium and Benzyladenine Effects on Six Landscape Tree Species during Container Production

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898.32.4.203 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 203-207

Author(s):

W.R. Miller ◽

G.J. Keever ◽

J.R. Kessler ◽

J.L. Sibley

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Growing Season ◽

Shoot Development ◽

Green Ash ◽

Red Maple ◽

Bald Cypress ◽

Lateral Shoots ◽

Landscape Trees ◽

Container Production

A study was conducted to evaluate dikegulac sodium (dikegulac) and benzyladenine (BA) as branching agents on landscape trees during production. Common among the six species in this two-year study was an increase in new shoot development following the application of dikegulac. Relative to shoot counts of nontreated plants, trees treated with a single foliar application of 800 to 3200 ppm of dikegulac had an increase in shoot numbers of 29 to 107% in Japanese maple, 75 to 158% in red maple, 67% in redbud, 50 to 65% in bald cypress, and 56 to 103% in black gum. Nontreated plants of green ash formed only one or two lateral shoots in 2011, whereas dikegulac-treated green ash had 10 to 12 new shoots. In 2012, green ash treated with 200 to 800 ppm of dikegulac developed 100 to 150% more new shoots than nontreated green ash. Foliage of all species, except Japanese maple, was injured to varying degrees by dikegulac, but the injury dissipated over the growing season. BA promoted increased shoot development only in bald cypress, and canopies of that species were visually fuller and more compact than those of bald cypress treated with dikegulac.

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Survivorship, Development, and Fecundity of Buck Moth (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) on Common Tree Species in the Gulf Coast Urban Forest

Journal of Entomological Science ◽

10.18474/0749-8004-32.2.192 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 192-203 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

P. J. Martinat ◽

J. D. Solomon ◽

T. D. Leininger

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Development Time ◽

Urban Forest ◽

Gulf Coast ◽

Pupal Weight ◽

Green Ash ◽

Red Maple ◽

Buck Moth ◽

Common Tree

Hemileuca maia maia (Drury), the buck moth, is abundant in urban areas of the Gulf Coast region where it defoliates oaks. However, the extent to which the buck moth can survive on other tree species common in the southern urban forest has not been reported. In the laboratory, we studied the suitability and acceptability to larvae of 14 common tree species in New Orleans and determined the extent to which larvae were able to switch to species other than oak midway in their development. Larvae had greater survival, pupal weight, and fecundity, as well as reduced development time, on live oak, water oak, black oak and black cherry than on green ash, sugarberry, sweetgum, red maple, a deciduous ornamental magnolia, American holly, tallow tree, crapemyrtle, mulberry, and black willow. Larvae showed some ability to switch from oak to some non-oak species, but fecundity, pupal weights, and development time were affected as assessed from the time of switch. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of outbreak dynamics of the moth in urban forests.

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