Infants? Low Birth Weight Is Linked to Low-Income Mothers? Chronic Stress

Objective To examine associations between Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) infection during pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth, spontaneous abortion, premature rupture of membranes, perinatal mortality, low birth weight and ophthalmia neonatorum. Data sources We searched Medline, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature for studies published between 1948 and 14 January 2020. Methods Studies were included if they reported testing for NG during pregnancy and compared pregnancy, perinatal and/or neonatal outcomes between women with and without NG. Two reviewers independently assessed papers for inclusion and extracted data. Risk of bias was assessed using established checklists for each study design. Summary ORs with 95% CIs were generated using random effects models for both crude and, where available, adjusted associations. Results We identified 2593 records and included 30 in meta-analyses. Women with NG were more likely to experience preterm birth (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.99, n=18 studies); premature rupture of membranes (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.92, n=9); perinatal mortality (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.35 to 3.46, n=9); low birth weight (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.12 to 2.48, n=8) and ophthalmia neonatorum (OR 4.21, 95% CI 1.36 to 13.04, n=6). Summary adjusted ORs were, for preterm birth 1.90 (95% CI 1.14 to 3.19, n=5) and for low birth weight 1.48 (95% CI 0.79 to 2.77, n=4). In studies with a multivariable analysis, age was the variable most commonly adjusted for. NG was more strongly associated with preterm birth in low-income and middle-income countries (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.40 to 3.48, n=7) than in high-income countries (OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.83, n=11). Conclusions NG is associated with a number of adverse pregnancy and newborn outcomes. Further research should be done to determine the role of NG in different perinatal mortality outcomes because interventions that reduce mortality will have the greatest impact on reducing the burden of disease in low-income and middle-income countries. PROSPERO registration number CRD42016050962.

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Premature or Small for Gestational Age Discrimination: International Multicenter Trial Protocol for Classification of the Low-Birth-Weight Newborn Through the Optical Properties of the Skin

JMIR Research Protocols ◽

10.2196/16477 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. e16477

Author(s):

Zilma Reis ◽

Gabriela Vitral ◽

Rodney Guimarães ◽

Juliano Gaspar ◽

Enrico Colosimo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Low Income ◽

Small For Gestational Age ◽

Good Practice ◽

Optoelectronic Device ◽

Low Income Countries ◽

New Device ◽

Pregnancy Dating

Background A low birth weight is an independent risk factor for adverse infant outcomes and a predictor of chronic disease in adulthood. In these situations, differentiating between prematurity and small for gestational age (SGA) or simultaneous conditions is essential to ensuring adequate care. Such diagnoses, however, depend on reliable pregnancy dating, which can be challenging in developing countries. A new medical optoelectronic device was developed to estimate gestational age (GA) at birth based on newborn skin reflection. Objective This study will aim to evaluate the device’s ability to detect prematurity or SGA, or both conditions simultaneously as well as predict short-term pulmonary complications in a cohort of low-birth-weight newborns. Methods This study protocol was designed for a multicenter cohort including referral hospitals in Brazil and Mozambique. Newborns weighing 500-2500 g will be eligible for inclusion with the best GA available, considering the limited resources of low-income countries. Comparator-GA is based on reliable last menstrual period dating or ultrasound assessment before 24 weeks’ gestation. Estimated GA at birth (Test-GA) will be calculated by applying a novel optoelectronic device to the newborn’s skin over the sole. The average difference between Test-GA and Comparator-GA will be analyzed, as will the percentage of newborns who are correctly diagnosed as preterm or SGA. In addition, in a nested case–control study, the accuracy of skin reflection in the prediction of prematurity-related respiratory problems will be evaluated. The estimated required sample size is 298 newborns. Results Teams of health professionals were trained, and standard operating procedures were developed following the good practice guidelines for the clinical investigation of medical devices for human participants. The first recruitment started in March 2019 in Brazil. Data collection is planned to end in December 2020, and the results should be available in March 2021. Conclusions The results of this clinical study have the potential to validate a new device to easily assess postnatal GA, supporting SGA identification when pregnancy dating is unreliable or unknown. Trial Registration ReBec: RBR-33rnjf; http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-33rnjf/ International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/16477

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Cigarette Smoking, Low Birth Weight, and Preterm Births in Low-Income African American Women

Journal of Perinatology ◽

10.1038/sj.jp.7200336 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 176-180 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Mary Lou Moore ◽

Daniel J Zaccaro

Keyword(s):

African American ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Cigarette Smoking ◽

African American Women ◽

Low Income ◽

Preterm Births ◽

American Women

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A Pilot Study of Oxytocin in Low-Income Women With a Low Birth-Weight Infant

Advances in Neonatal Care ◽

10.1097/anc.0000000000000601 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. E12-E21 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lindsey Garfield ◽

Diane Holditch-Davis ◽

C. Sue Carter ◽

Barbara L. McFarlin ◽

Julia S. Seng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Pilot Study ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Low Income ◽

Low Birth Weight Infant ◽

Low Income Women

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Risk Factors for Postpartum Depressive Symptoms in Low-Income Women With Very Low-Birth-Weight Infants

Advances in Neonatal Care ◽

10.1097/anc.0000000000000131 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. E3-E8 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Lindsey Garfield ◽

Diane Holditch-Davis ◽

C. Sue Carter ◽

Barbara L. McFarlin ◽

Dorie Schwertz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Low Income ◽

Very Low Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight Infants ◽

Postpartum Depressive Symptoms ◽

Low Income Women

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Antenatal care services and its implications for vital and health outcomes of children: evidence from 193 surveys in 69 low-income and middle-income countries

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017122 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (11) ◽

pp. e017122 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

Jana Kuhnt ◽

Sebastian Vollmer

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Infant Mortality ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Antenatal Care ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Neonatal Mortality ◽

Low Income ◽

Lower Probability ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries

ObjectivesAntenatal care (ANC) is an essential part of primary healthcare and its provision has expanded worldwide. There is limited evidence of large-scale cross-country studies on the impact of ANC offered to pregnant women on child health outcomes. We investigate the association of ANC in low-income and middle-income countries with short- and long-term mortality and nutritional child outcomes.SettingWe used nationally representative health and welfare data from 193 Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 1990 and 2013 from 69 low-income and middle-income countries for women of reproductive age (15–49 years), their children and their respective household.ParticipantsThe analytical sample consisted of 752 635 observations for neonatal mortality, 574 675 observations for infant mortality, 400 426 observations for low birth weight, 501 484 observations for stunting and 512 424 observations for underweight.Main outcomes and measuresOutcome variables are neonatal and infant mortality, low birth weight, stunting and underweight.ResultsAt least one ANC visit was associated with a 1.04% points reduced probability of neonatal mortality and a 1.07% points lower probability of infant mortality. Having at least four ANC visits and having at least once seen a skilled provider reduced the probability by an additional 0.56% and 0.42% points, respectively. At least one ANC visit is associated with a 3.82% points reduced probability of giving birth to a low birth weight baby and a 4.11 and 3.26% points reduced stunting and underweight probability. Having at least four ANC visits and at least once seen a skilled provider reduced the probability by an additional 2.83%, 1.41% and 1.90% points, respectively.ConclusionsThe currently existing and accessed ANC services in low-income and middle-income countries are directly associated with improved birth outcomes and longer-term reductions of child mortality and malnourishment.

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Housing Transitions and Low Birth Weight Among Low-Income Women

Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey ◽

10.1097/01.ogx.0000429291.73137.a2 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 68 (4) ◽

pp. 269-271

Author(s):

Michael R. Kramer ◽

Lance A. Waller ◽

Anne L. Dunlop ◽

Carol R. Hogue

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Low Income ◽

Low Income Women

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Maternal consumption of cigarette during pregnancy and low birth weight: case-control study

Research Society and Development ◽

10.33448/rsd-v9i8.6538 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. e692986538

Author(s):

Priscilla Perez da Silva Pereira ◽

Ana Claudia Morais Godoy Figueiredo ◽

Fabiana Araújo Figueiredo da Mata ◽

Roberta Borges Silva ◽

Mauricio Gomes Pereira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Low Income ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Maternal Consumption ◽

The Mean ◽

And Control ◽

Control Study

The birth weight of newborn is an indicator that reflects maternal health conditions and the healthcare quality delivered during pregnancy. The aim of this study is to analyze the association between maternal consumption of cigarette during pregnancy and Low Birth Weight (LBW) in the Northeast of Brazil. Case-control study with the group of cases composed of 402 mothers with newborns with a birth weight <2,500 grams, and control composed of 1,210 mothers with newborns with weight ≥2,500 grams. Data were collected based on self-reported information by mothers and complemented with hospital records. Simple linear regression and logistic regression models were conducted. Majority of women were brown/ black, married, of low income and almost half of them had less than nine years of education. The consumption of 10 or more cigarettes a day was associated with LBW. For each cigarette added to the daily cigarette consumption there was a reduction of 18.6 grams in birth weight. Among mothers who smoked more than ten cigarettes per day, the mean reduction in birth weight was 283.1 grams. This study reinforces that LBW is associated with the maternal consumption of cigarettes.

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