Modeling flexible behavior in childhood to adulthood shows age-dependent learning mechanisms and less optimal learning in autism in each age group

Despite the clear importance of a developmental perspective for understanding the emergence of psychopathology across the life-course, such a perspective has yet to be integrated into the RDoC model. In this paper, we articulate a framework that incorporates developmentally-specific learning mechanisms that reflect experience-driven plasticity as additional units of analysis in the existing RDoC matrix. These include both experience-expectant learning mechanisms that occur during sensitive periods of development and experience-dependent learning mechanisms that may exhibit substantial variation across development. Incorporating these learning mechanisms allows for clear integration not only of development but also environmental experience into the RDoC model. We demonstrate how individual differences in environmental experiences—such as early-life adversity—can be leveraged to identify experience-driven plasticity patterns across development and apply this framework to consider how environmental experience shapes key biobehavioral processes that comprise the RDoC model. This framework provides a structure for understanding how affective, cognitive, social, and neurobiological processes are shaped by experience across development and ultimately contribute to the emergence of psychopathology. We demonstrate how incorporating an experience-driven plasticity framework is critical for understanding the development of many processes subsumed within the RDoC model, which will contribute to greater understanding of developmental variation in the etiology of psychopathology and can be leveraged to identify potential windows of heightened developmental plasticity when clinical interventions might be maximally efficacious.

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The Age-Related Performance Decline in Ironman 70.3

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17062148 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (6) ◽

pp. 2148

Author(s):

Kristian Jäckel ◽

Caio Sousa ◽

Elias Villiger ◽

Pantelis Nikolaidis ◽

Beat Knechtle

Keyword(s):

Age Group ◽

Men And Women ◽

Race Time ◽

Recreational Athletes ◽

Age Related ◽

Age Dependent ◽

Performance Decline ◽

Sport Events ◽

Ironman Distance

Although the age-related decline in sport events has been well studied, little is known on such a decline in recreational triathletes for the Half Ironman distance. Indeed, the few existing studies concentrated on specific aspects such as top events, elite groups, some consecutive years, single locations, or age categories instead of analyzing all the data available. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine recreational triathletes’ performance in three split disciplines (swimming, cycling, and running) as well as in overall race time by analyzing all data of Half Ironman finishers found on ironman.com (i.e., 690 races; years 2004 through 2018; 206,524 women (24.6%) and 633,576 men (75.4%), in total 840,100 athletes). The age-dependent decline in Half Ironman started earliest in swimming (from the very first age group on) with a smallest age group delta between 35–49 years in men and 40–54 years in women. The performance decline started at 26 and 28 years in men and women for running; at 34 years for men and 35 years for women in cycling; and at 32 years for men and 31 years for women with regard to overall race time. The results may be used by coaches and recreational athletes alike to plan a triathlon career.

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Seroprevalence of Neutralizing Antibodies to Adenovirus Type 5 among Children in India: Implications for Recombinant Adenovirus-Based Vaccines

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology ◽

10.1128/cvi.00173-07 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 14 (8) ◽

pp. 1053-1055 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Mohan Babu Appaiahgari ◽

Ravindra Mohan Pandey ◽

Sudhanshu Vrati

Keyword(s):

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Recombinant Adenovirus ◽

Adenovirus Type ◽

Age Group ◽

Specific Immunity ◽

Age Dependent ◽

Adenovirus Type 5 ◽

Adenovirus 5

ABSTRACT We determined the levels of adenovirus 5 (Ad5) neutralizing antibodies in children in India less than 2 years of age. The results clearly show an age-dependent increase in Ad5-specific immunity, with 7- to 12-month-old children having the lowest levels of Ad5 immunity. This opens up the scope for the use of recombinant Ad5-based vaccines in this age group.

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Risk factors for cerebral venous thrombosis and deep venous thrombosis in patients aged between 15 and 50 years

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1160/th09-06-0346 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 102 (10) ◽

pp. 620-622 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Maarten Uyttenboogaart ◽

Patrick C. A. J. Vroomen ◽

Jacques De Keyser ◽

Gert-Jan Luijckx ◽

Karen Koopman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Venous Thrombosis ◽

Cerebral Venous Thrombosis ◽

Contraceptive Use ◽

Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Age Group ◽

Vein Thrombosis ◽

Oral Contraceptive Use ◽

Age Dependent ◽

Deep Vein

SummaryCerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) and deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism (DVT/PE) are associated with many risk factors. It is unclear why CVT occurs less often than DVT/PE. Age dependent risk factors may play a role. The aim of our study was to compare risk factors in a uniform age group of CVT and DVT/PE patients aged between 15 and 50 years. Thrombophilic markers and clinical risk factors of 79 CVT patients and 173 DVT/PE patients aged 15–50 years were compared. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate if risk factors were independently associated with CVT or DVT/ PE. Cerebral venous thrombosis patients were younger (median age 30 years vs. 42 years; p<0.001) and more often female (82% vs. 52%; p<0.001). There were no differences in thrombophilic markers. Cerebral venous thrombosis was less often associated with trauma, immobilisation or surgery than DVT/PE (6% vs. 21%; adjusted OR 0.29; 95%CI 0.10–0.82). In women, CVT was more frequently associated with oral contraceptive use, pregnancy or puerperium (82% vs. 53%; adjusted OR 2.34; 95%CI 1.03–5.32).This study demonstrated no differences in thrombophilic markers between CVT patients and DVT/PE patients aged between 15 and 50 years, while the frequency of some transient risk factors was different. Cerebral venous thrombosis was relatively more common in women and hormonal factors may predispose to CVT compared to DVT/PE, while trauma, immobilisation and surgery may be less important in the pathophysiology of CVT.

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Beyond Language in Infant Emotion Concept Development

Emotion Review ◽

10.1177/1754073920931574 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 255-258

Author(s):

Ashley L. Ruba ◽

Betty M. Repacholi

Keyword(s):

Unsupervised Learning ◽

Concept Learning ◽

Concept Development ◽

Independent Learning ◽

Learning Mechanisms ◽

Learning Abilities ◽

Comprehensive Theory ◽

Dependent Learning ◽

Emotion Labels ◽

Emotion Concepts

The process by which emotion concepts are learned is largely unexplored. Hoemann, Devlin, and Barrett (2020) and Shablack, Stein, and Lindquist (2020) argue that emotion concepts are learned through emotion labels (e.g., “happy”), which cohere variable aspects of emotions into abstract, conceptual categories. While such labeling-dependent learning mechanisms (supervised learning) are plausible, we argue that labeling-independent learning mechanisms (unsupervised learning) are also involved. Specifically, we argue that infants are uniquely situated to learn emotion concepts given their exceptional learning abilities. We provide evidence that children learn from complex, irregular input in other domains (e.g., symbolic numbers) without supervised instruction. Thus, while labels undoubtedly influence emotion concept learning, we must also look beyond language to create a comprehensive theory of emotion concept development.

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Age-dependent social learning in a lizard

Biology Letters ◽

10.1098/rsbl.2014.0430 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 20140430 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Daniel W. A. Noble ◽

Richard W. Byrne ◽

Martin J. Whiting

Keyword(s):

Social Learning ◽

Group Living ◽

Food Sources ◽

Success Rates ◽

Young Males ◽

Association Task ◽

Instrumental Task ◽

Eastern Australia ◽

Age Dependent ◽

Dependent Learning

Evidence of social learning, whereby the actions of an animal facilitate the acquisition of new information by another, is taxonomically biased towards mammals, especially primates, and birds. However, social learning need not be limited to group-living animals because species with less interaction can still benefit from learning about potential predators, food sources, rivals and mates. We trained male skinks ( Eulamprus quoyii ), a mostly solitary lizard from eastern Australia, in a two-step foraging task. Lizards belonging to ‘young’ and ‘old’ age classes were presented with a novel instrumental task (displacing a lid) and an association task (reward under blue lid). We did not find evidence for age-dependent learning of the instrumental task; however, young males in the presence of a demonstrator learnt the association task faster than young males without a demonstrator, whereas old males in both treatments had similar success rates. We present the first evidence of age-dependent social learning in a lizard and suggest that the use of social information for learning may be more widespread than previously believed.

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Impact of skull base development on endonasal endoscopic surgical corridors

Journal of Neurosurgery Pediatrics ◽

10.3171/2013.10.peds13303 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 155-169 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Matei A. Banu ◽

Amancio Guerrero-Maldonado ◽

Heather J. McCrea ◽

Victor Garcia-Navarro ◽

Mark M. Souweidane ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skull Base ◽

Developmental Process ◽

Normal Population ◽

Age Groups ◽

Age Group ◽

Restriction Sites ◽

Age Dependent ◽

Skull Base Lesions ◽

The Impact ◽

Anatomical Parameters

Object Scarce morphometric data exist on the developing skull base as a corridor for endonasal endoscopic approaches (EEAs). Furthermore, the impact of skull base lesions on its development has not been assessed. The authors describe a novel set of anatomical parameters characterizing the developmental process as well as the utility of these parameters in preoperative planning and a feasibility assessment of EEAs for neurosurgical treatment of skull base lesions in children. Methods Based on specific MRI sequences in 107 pediatric patients (2–16 years of age) without skull base lesions (referred to here as the normal population), 3 sets of anatomical parameters were analyzed according to age group and sex: drilling distance, restriction sites, and working distance parameters. A separate set of patients undergoing EEAs was analyzed in similar fashion to address the impact of skull base lesions on the developmental process. Results The volume of the sphenoid sinus significantly increases with age, reaching 6866.4 mm3 in the 14–16 years age group, and directly correlates with the pneumatization type (r = 0.533, p = 0.0001). The pneumatization process progresses slowly in a temporal-posterior direction, as demonstrated by the growth trend of the sellar width (r = 0.428, p = 0.0001). Nasal restriction sites do not change significantly with age, with little impact on EEAs. The intercarotid distance is significantly different only in the extreme age groups (3.9 mm, p = 0.038), and has an important impact on the transsphenoidal angle and the intracranial dissection limits (r = 0.443, p < 0.0001). The 14.9° transsphenoidal angle at 2–4 years has a 37.6% significant increase in the 11–13 years age group (p = 0.001) and is highly dependent on pneumatization type. Age-dependent differences between working parameters are mostly noted for the extreme age groups, such as the 8.6-mm increase in nare-vomer distance (p = 0.025). The nare-sellar distance is the only parameter with significant differences based on sex. Skull base lesions induce a high degree of variance in skull base measurements, delaying development and decreasing parameter values. Skull base parameters are interdependent. Nare-sellar distance can be used to assess global skull base development because it highly correlates with the intercarotid distance in both the normal population and in patients harboring skull base lesions. Conclusions Skull base development is a slow, gradual, age-dependent, sex-independent process significantly altering endonasal endoscopic corridors. Preoperative MRI measurements of the pediatric skull base are thus a useful adjunct in choosing the appropriate corridor and in assessing working angles and limits during dissection or reparative surgery. Skull base lesions can significantly impact normal skull base development and age-dependent growth patterns.

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An emergentist perspective on the origin of number sense

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2017.0043 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 373 (1740) ◽

pp. 20170043 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Marco Zorzi ◽

Alberto Testolin

Keyword(s):

Visual Cues ◽

Number Sense ◽

Network Models ◽

Learning Mechanisms ◽

Neural Network Models ◽

Human Infants ◽

Numerosity Discrimination ◽

Domain Specific ◽

Numerical Abilities ◽

Dependent Learning

The finding that human infants and many other animal species are sensitive to numerical quantity has been widely interpreted as evidence for evolved, biologically determined numerical capacities across unrelated species, thereby supporting a ‘nativist’ stance on the origin of number sense. Here, we tackle this issue within the ‘emergentist’ perspective provided by artificial neural network models, and we build on computer simulations to discuss two different approaches to think about the innateness of number sense. The first, illustrated by artificial life simulations, shows that numerical abilities can be supported by domain-specific representations emerging from evolutionary pressure. The second assumes that numerical representations need not be genetically pre-determined but can emerge from the interplay between innate architectural constraints and domain-general learning mechanisms, instantiated in deep learning simulations. We show that deep neural networks endowed with basic visuospatial processing exhibit a remarkable performance in numerosity discrimination before any experience-dependent learning, whereas unsupervised sensory experience with visual sets leads to subsequent improvement of number acuity and reduces the influence of continuous visual cues. The emergent neuronal code for numbers in the model includes both numerosity-sensitive (summation coding) and numerosity-selective response profiles, closely mirroring those found in monkey intraparietal neurons. We conclude that a form of innatism based on architectural and learning biases is a fruitful approach to understanding the origin and development of number sense. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The origins of numerical abilities'.

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The association between etanercept serum concentration and psoriasis severity is highly age-dependent

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs20170048 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 131 (11) ◽

pp. 1179-1189 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Iris Detrez ◽

Kristel Van Steen ◽

Siegfried Segaert ◽

Ann Gils

Keyword(s):

Serum Concentration ◽

Disease Severity ◽

Severity Index ◽

Physician Global Assessment ◽

Age Group ◽

Opposite Trend ◽

Dependent Relation ◽

Age Dependent ◽

Consecutive Time ◽

Psoriasis Severity

The association between etanercept serum concentration and psoriasis disease severity is poorly investigated, and currently etanercept serum concentration monitoring that is aiming to optimize the psoriasis treatment lacks evidence. In this prospective study, we investigated the relation between etanercept exposure and disease severity via measuring etanercept concentrations at five consecutive time points in 56 psoriasis patients. Disease severity assessments included the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), body surface area (BSA) and Physician Global Assessment (PGA), and etanercept and anti-etanercept antibody concentrations were determined every 3 months for a period of 1 year. The present study demonstrated that the association between etanercept concentration and psoriasis severity is age-dependent: when patients were stratified into three groups, patients in the youngest age group (–50 years) showed a lower PASI at a higher etanercept concentration (β = –0.26), whereas patients in the oldest age group (+59 years) showed the opposite trend (β =0.22). Similar age effects were observed in the relation of etanercept concentration with BSA (P=0.02) and PGA (P=0.02). The influence of age and length of time in therapy on the etanercept concentration–disease severity relation was unaffected by body mass index (BMI) or any other possible confounder. Incidence of anti-etanercept antibodies was low (2%). The age-dependent relation between etanercept serum concentrations is both unexpected and intriguing and needs further investigation.

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