The Age-Related Performance Decline in Ironman 70.3

Although the age-related decline in sport events has been well studied, little is known on such a decline in recreational triathletes for the Half Ironman distance. Indeed, the few existing studies concentrated on specific aspects such as top events, elite groups, some consecutive years, single locations, or age categories instead of analyzing all the data available. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine recreational triathletes’ performance in three split disciplines (swimming, cycling, and running) as well as in overall race time by analyzing all data of Half Ironman finishers found on ironman.com (i.e., 690 races; years 2004 through 2018; 206,524 women (24.6%) and 633,576 men (75.4%), in total 840,100 athletes). The age-dependent decline in Half Ironman started earliest in swimming (from the very first age group on) with a smallest age group delta between 35–49 years in men and 40–54 years in women. The performance decline started at 26 and 28 years in men and women for running; at 34 years for men and 35 years for women in cycling; and at 32 years for men and 31 years for women with regard to overall race time. The results may be used by coaches and recreational athletes alike to plan a triathlon career.

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Age and Gender Differences in Performance at Cross Triathlon World Championships

Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism ◽

10.2478/pjst-2018-0015 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 17-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Oscar Romero-Ramos ◽

Emilio Fernández-Rodríguez ◽

Rafael Merino-Marbán ◽

Daniel Mayorga-Vega ◽

Robert Podstawski

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Performance Ratio ◽

Age Group ◽

Men And Women ◽

Race Time ◽

Age Related ◽

And Performance ◽

And Gender ◽

High Level ◽

The Impact

Abstract Introduction. Cross triathlon is a sport consisting of three segments: swimming, off-road cycling, and running. Our study analyses the differences in performance between genders and changes in performance in selected age categories at the ITU Cross World Championships held between 2011 and 2016. Material and methods. During this period, a total of 1,933 triathletes were analysed (1,472 men and 461 women). Two-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) were used to examine the impact of sex differences and age-related changes on performance (time, percentage of time, and performance ratio) in swimming, cycling, running, and total race. Results. The age groups with the highest level of participation were persons aged 40-44 and 45-49 years among men and women, respectively. With regards to performance in the different age groups, in men and women, its high level was maintained between 25 and 49 years, and it decreased significantly from the age of 50-54. In men, the best results in cycling and total race time were obtained in the 30-34 age group and in swimming and running in the 40-44 group. Women obtained the best results in running in the 25-29 age group, in cycling in the 30-34 group, and in swimming and total race time in the 35-39 group. Conclusions. The results of the study have confirmed that there is a demand for sports in 40+ age groups. As for performance in the different age groups, it was on a high level between 25 and 49 years and decreased significantly from the age of 50-54 onwards. According to these results, the sports training of these triathletes should be oriented so that they obtain their best results between 30 and 35 years of age.

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Sex- and Age-Related Changes in Epitestosterone in Relation to Pregnenolone Sulfate and Testosterone in Normal Subjects

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jcem.87.5.8499 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 87 (5) ◽

pp. 2225-2231 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Helena Havlíková ◽

Martin Hill ◽

Richard Hampl ◽

Luboš Stárka

Keyword(s):

Sharp Decrease ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Serum Concentrations ◽

Pregnenolone Sulfate ◽

Men And Women ◽

Age Related ◽

Age Dependent ◽

Prepubertal Boys ◽

Age Related Changes

Epitestosterone has been demonstrated to act at various levels as a weak antiandrogen. So far, its serum levels have been followed up only in males. Epitestosterone and its major circulating precursor pregnenolone sulfate and T were measured in serum from 211 healthy women and 386 men to find out whether serum concentrations of epitestosterone are sufficient to exert its antiandrogenic actions. In women, epitestosterone exhibited a maximum around 20 yr of age, followed by a continuous decline up to menopause and by a further increase in the postmenopause. In men, maximum epitestosterone levels were detected at around 35 yr of age, followed by a continuous decrease. Pregnenolone sulfate levels in women reached their maximum at about age 32 yr and then declined continuously, and in males the maximum was reached about 5 yr earlier and then remained nearly constant. Epitestosterone correlated with pregnenolone sulfate only in males. In both sexes a sharp decrease of the epitestosterone/T ratio around puberty occurred. In conclusion, concentrations of epitestosterone and pregnenolone sulfate are age dependent and, at least in prepubertal boys and girls, epitestosterone reaches or even exceeds the concentrations of T, thus supporting its role as an endogenous antiandrogen. The dissimilarities in the course of epitestosterone levels through the lifespan of men and women and its relation to pregnenolone sulfate concentrations raise the question of the contribution of the adrenals and gonads to the production of both steroids and even to the uniformity of the mechanism of epitestosterone formation.

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Age Differences in Pacing in Endurance Running: Comparison between Marathon and Half-Marathon Men and Women

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina55080479 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 55 (8) ◽

pp. 479 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ivan Cuk ◽

Pantelis Nikolaidis ◽

Srdjan Markovic ◽

Beat Knechtle

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Age Group ◽

Distance Running ◽

Endurance Running ◽

Long Distance ◽

Marathon Runners ◽

Men And Women ◽

Long Distance Running ◽

Age Related ◽

Pacing Strategies

Background and Objective: The increased popularity of marathons and half-marathons has led to a significant increase in the number of master runners worldwide. Since the age-related decrease in performance is dependent on race duration, pacing in long distance running might also vary by race distance in both men and women. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to assess pacing differences between marathon and half-marathon runners with regard to the runners’ age group, and independently for men and women. Materials and Methods: In total, 17,465 participants in the Vienna City marathon in 2017 were considered for this study (marathon, N = 6081; half-marathon, N = 11,384). Pacing was expressed as two variables (i.e., pace range and end spurt). Results: All runners showed positive pacing strategies (i.e., a fast start with gradual decrease of speed). However, marathon runners showed greater variability in pacing than half-marathon runners. Furthermore, women showed no differences in pace variability in regard to the age group, whereas men younger than 30 years of age, as well as older men (over the age of 60), showed a greater variability in pace than other age groups. Finally, younger half-marathon men and women showed the fastest end spurt compared to older age groups and marathon runners. Conclusions: The presented findings could help sports and medicine practitioners to create age specific training plans and pacing strategies. This approach could help long distance runners to improve their physical fitness, achieve better race times, reduce the potential risk of musculoskeletal injuries and increase the overall pleasure of long distance running.

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Age- and sex-related bone uptake of Tc-99m-HDP measured by whole-body bone scanning

Nuklearmedizin ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1632258 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 39 (05) ◽

pp. 127-132 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nicole Sieweke ◽

K. H. Bohuslavizki ◽

W. U. Kampen ◽

M. Zuhayra ◽

M. Clausen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Whole Body ◽

Bone Lesions ◽

Men And Women ◽

Bone Uptake ◽

Normal Bone ◽

Age Related ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

Wide Range ◽

Bone Scans ◽

Body Bone

Summary Aim of this study was to validate a recently introduced new and easy-to-perform method for quantifying bone uptake of Tc-99m-labelled diphosphonate in a routine clinical setting and to establish a normal data base for bone uptake depending on age and gender. Methods: In 49 women (14-79 years) and 47 men (6-89 years) with normal bone scans as well as in 49 women (33-81 years) and 37 men (27-88 years) with metastatic bone disease whole-body bone scans were acquired at 3 min and 3-4 hours p.i. to calculate bone uptake after correction for both urinary excretion and soft tissue retention. Results: Bone uptake values of various age-related subgroups showed no significant differences between men and women (p >0.05 ). Furthermore, no differences could be proven between age-matched subgroups of normals and patients with less than 10 metastatic bone lesions, while patients with wide-spread bone metastases revealed significantly increased uptake values. In both men and women highest bone uptake was obtained (p <0.05 ) in subjects younger than 20 years with active epiphyseal growth plates. In men, bone uptake slowly decreased with age up to 60 years and then showed a tendency towards increasing uptake values. In women, the mean uptake reached a minimun in the decade 20-29 years and then slowly increased with a positive linear correlation of age and uptake in subjects older than 55 years (r = 0.57). Conclusion: Since the results proposed in this study are in good agreement with data from literature, the new method used for quantification could be validated in a large number of patients. Furthermore, age- and sexrelated normal bone uptake values of Tc-99m-HDP covering a wide range of age could be presented for this method as a basis for further studies on bone uptake.

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The serotonin transporter gene and female personality variation in a free-living passerine

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-88225-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Bert Thys ◽

Andrea S. Grunst ◽

Nicky Staes ◽

Rianne Pinxten ◽

Marcel Eens ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Serotonin Transporter ◽

Strong Support ◽

Serotonin Transporter Gene ◽

Female Aggression ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽

Transporter Gene ◽

Evolutionary Potential ◽

Free Living ◽

Age Related ◽

Age Dependent

AbstractQuantifying variation in behaviour-related genes provides insight into the evolutionary potential of repeatable among-individual variation in behaviour (i.e. personality). Yet, individuals typically also plastically adjust their behaviour in response to environmental conditions and/or age, thereby complicating the detection of genotype–phenotype associations. Here, using a population of free-living great tits (Parus major), we assessed the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the serotonin transporter gene (SERT) and two repeatable behavioural traits, i.e. female-female aggression and female hissing behaviour. For female-female aggression, a trait showing age-related plasticity, we found no evidence for associations with SERT SNPs, even when assessing potential age-dependent effects of SERT genotype on aggression. We also found no strong support for associations between SERT SNPs and hissing behaviour, yet we identified two synonymous polymorphisms (exon 13 SNP66 and exon 12 SNP144) of particular interest, each explaining about 1.3% of the total variation in hissing behaviour. Overall, our results contribute to the general understanding of the biological underpinning of complex behavioural traits and will facilitate further (meta-analytic) research on behaviour-related genes. Moreover, we emphasize that future molecular genetic studies should consider age-dependent genotype–phenotype associations for behavioural trait (co)variation, as this will vastly improve our understanding of the proximate causes and ultimate consequences of personality variation in natural populations.

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Influence of Patient Age on Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotypes Causing Invasive Disease

Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology ◽

10.1128/cdli.8.3.556-559.2001 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 556-559 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Jaime Inostroza ◽

Ana Maria Vinet ◽

Gloria Retamal ◽

Pedro Lorca ◽

Gonzalo Ossa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Invasive Disease ◽

Bacterial Virulence ◽

Host Factors ◽

Invasive Infection ◽

Age Group ◽

Southern Chile ◽

Age Related ◽

Sterile Site ◽

Selection Of

ABSTRACT All clinical S. pneumoniae specimens isolated from patients with invasive or sterile-site infections admitted to one regional general hospital in southern Chile were collected during a 5-year period (February 1994 to September 1999). A total of 247 strains belonging to 50 serotypes were isolated in this survey: 69 in patients under 5 years of age, 129 in patients 5 to 64 years old, and 49 from patients 65 years and older. Eight serotypes were identified in all age groups, while all other serotypes were found exclusively in one age group or in patients over 4 years of age. Serotype 3 was never found in patients under 5 years old, and serotype 14 was not found in patients >64 years of age. There was no difference in the serotypes causing infection in each one of the 5 years of the survey. Our results suggest that both bacterial virulence factors and host factors play an important role in the selection of S. pneumoniae serotypes causing invasive infection. Possible host factors include age-related differences in the immune response. Comparative studies with other areas of the world may help to further understanding of our observations in southern Chile.

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Random errors in protein synthesis activate an age-dependent program of muscle atrophy in mice

Communications Biology ◽

10.1038/s42003-021-02204-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

James Moore ◽

Rashid Akbergenov ◽

Martina Nigri ◽

Patricia Isnard-Petit ◽

Amandine Grimm ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Muscle Atrophy ◽

Strength Analysis ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Random Errors ◽

Age Related ◽

Related Phenotype ◽

Age Dependent ◽

Translation Accuracy ◽

Transcriptomic Changes

AbstractRandom errors in protein synthesis are prevalent and ubiquitous, yet their effect on organismal health has remained enigmatic for over five decades. Here, we studied whether mice carrying the ribosomal ambiguity (ram) mutation Rps2-A226Y, recently shown to increase the inborn error rate of mammalian translation, if at all viable, present any specific, possibly aging-related, phenotype. We introduced Rps2-A226Y using a Cre/loxP strategy. Resulting transgenic mice were mosaic and showed a muscle-related phenotype with reduced grip strength. Analysis of gene expression in skeletal muscle using RNA-Seq revealed transcriptomic changes occurring in an age-dependent manner, involving an interplay of PGC1α, FOXO3, mTOR, and glucocorticoids as key signaling pathways, and finally resulting in activation of a muscle atrophy program. Our results highlight the relevance of translation accuracy, and show how disturbances thereof may contribute to age-related pathologies.

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HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 90 (90) IN AGE-DEPENDENT CHANGES IN THE NUMBER OF FIBROBLASTS IN HUMAN SKIN

Успехи геронтологии ◽

10.34922/ae.2020.33.1.004 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 40-45

Author(s):

А. Г. Гунин ◽

Н. Н. Голубцова ◽

Н. К. Корнилова

Keyword(s):

Heat Shock ◽

Heat Shock Protein ◽

Heat Shock Protein 90 ◽

Nuclear Antigen ◽

Positive Staining ◽

Proliferating Cells ◽

Age Related ◽

Age Dependent ◽

Human Dermis ◽

Hsp 90

Целью работы стало исследование содержания белка теплового шока 90 ( HSP 90) в фибробластах дермы человека от эмбрионального развития и до глубокой старости (от 20 нед беременности до 85 лет), а также определение значения HSP 90 для возрастных изменений численности фибробластов в дерме человека. HSP 90, ядерный антиген пролиферирующих клеток ( PCNA ) выявляли в срезах кожи непрямым иммуногистохимическим методом. Результаты показали, что в коже человека от 20 нед беременности до 20 лет доля фибробластов дермы с положительной окраской на HSP 90 остается постоянной. С 21 года до 60 лет наблюдают планомерное уменьшение доли фибробластов дермы, имеющих положительную окраску на HSP 90. У людей 61-85 лет происходит резкое увеличение доли фибробластов дермы с положительной окраской на HSP 90. Возрастные изменения содержания HSP 90 положительных фибробластов в дерме статистически не связаны с возрастным уменьшением общего количества и доли PCNA -положительных фибробластов в дерме. The aim of this work was to examine the content of heat shock protein 90 ( HSP 90) in ﬁbroblasts of human dermis from the development until deep aging (from 20 weeks of pregnancy until 85 years old), and deﬁning of a role of HSP 90 in age-dependent changes in the number of ﬁbroblasts in the dermis. HSP 90, proliferating cells nuclear antigen ( PCNA ) were detected with indirect immunohistochemical technique. Results showed that a portion of ﬁbroblasts with positive staining for HSP 90 in the dermis is not changed from 20 weeks of development to 20 years old. Percent of HSP 90 positive ﬁbroblasts in dermis is decreased from 21 to 60 years old. From 61 year, the number of HSP 90 positive ﬁbroblasts in dermis is increased. Age-related changes in the number of HSP 90 positive ﬁbroblasts is not statistically associated with an age-related decrease in a total number and percent of PCNA positive ﬁbroblasts the dermis.

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Different ATP-catabolism in reperfused adult and newborn rat hearts

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.1988.254.6.h1091 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 254 (6) ◽

pp. H1091-H1098

Author(s):

P. W. Achterberg ◽

A. S. Nieukoop ◽

B. Schoutsen ◽

J. W. de Jong

Keyword(s):

Oxidase Activity ◽

Age Groups ◽

Similar Degree ◽

Ischemia And Reperfusion ◽

Xanthine Oxidoreductase ◽

Newborn Rat ◽

Age Related ◽

Rat Hearts ◽

Age Dependent ◽

Atp Breakdown

Age-dependent differences in the effects of ischemia and reperfusion on ATP breakdown were studied in perfused adult and newborn (10 days old) rat hearts. No-flow ischemia (15 min at 37, 30, or 23 degrees C) was applied and reperfusion (20 min at 37 degrees C) was studied after ischemia at 23 or 37 degrees C. Hypothermia during ischemia protected both age groups to a similar degree against ATP decline, which was linear with temperature. Reperfusion after normothermic ischemia resulted in higher ATP levels in newborn hearts with less release of ATP catabolites (purines). We found no age-related differences in lactate release but large differences in purine release. During normoxia, adult hearts released mainly urate (80% of total) and inosine (7%), but newborns released hypoxanthine (64%) and inosine (15%). Early during reperfusion adult hearts released inosine (58%) and adenosine (18%), but newborns released inosine (53%) and hypoxanthine (38%). These data suggested a lower activity of the potentially deleterious enzyme xanthine oxidoreductase in newborn hearts, which was confirmed by enzymatic assay. ATP-catabolite release during reperfusion was less in newborn than adult hearts, and this coincided with lower xanthine oxidase activity.

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Age-dependent Increases in Adrenal Cytochrome b5 and Serum 5-Androstenediol-3-sulfate

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2016-2864 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 101 (12) ◽

pp. 4585-4593 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Juilee Rege ◽

Shigehiro Karashima ◽

Antonio M. Lerario ◽

Joshua M. Smith ◽

Richard J. Auchus ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cytochrome B5 ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate ◽

Zona Fasciculata ◽

Adrenocortical Cells ◽

Normal Children ◽

Age Related ◽

Age Dependent ◽

Lyase Activity ◽

Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass

Context: Adrenal production of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) increases throughout childhood owing to expansion of the zona reticularis (ZR). ZR features cells with a steroidogenic phenotype distinct from that of the adjacent zona fasciculata, with higher expression of cytochrome b5 type A (CYB5A) and steroid sulfotransferase type 2A1 but decreased 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD3B2). In addition to DHEA-S, three adrenal Δ5-steroid sulfates could provide additional tools to define adrenal maturation. Objective: This study sought to simultaneously measure serum levels of four adrenal Δ5-steroid sulfates, pregnenolone sulfate (Preg-S), 17α-hydroxypregnenolone sulfate (17OHPreg-S), DHEA-S, and 5-androstenediol-3-sulfate (Adiol-S) as a function of age and relate their production to the age-dependent adrenal localization of CYB5A. Participants and Methods: Δ5-steroid sulfates were quantified by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry in sera from 247 normal children (129 males,118 females) age 1.5–18 y and 42 adults (20 males, 22 females). Immunofluorescence localized HSD3B2 and CYB5A in normal adrenal glands from subjects age 2–35 y. Finally, HAC15 adrenocortical cells were transduced with lentiviral short hairpin RNA to suppress CYB5A expression. Results: Of the Δ5-steroid sulfates quantified, DHEA-S was most abundant. Adiol-S increased in parallel with DHEA-S. Steroid ratios (17OHPreg-S/DHEA-S) suggested increases in 17,20-lyase activity during childhood. Immunofluorescence analysis showed age-related increases in ZR CYB5A immunoreactivity. Furthermore, silencing CYB5A in HAC15 adrenocortical cells significantly reduced DHEA-S and Adiol-S production. Conclusion: Adiol-S shows a similar age-related increase to that of DHEA-S. This likely results from the childhood expansion of CYB5A-expressing ZR, which enhances 17,20-lyase activity and the production of DHEA-S and Adiol-S.

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