scholarly journals Estimated impact of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumonia mortality in South Africa, 1999 through 2016: An ecological modelling study

PLoS Medicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. e1003537
Author(s):  
Jackie Kleynhans ◽  
Stefano Tempia ◽  
Kayoko Shioda ◽  
Anne von Gottberg ◽  
Daniel M. Weinberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
National Level ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽  
Bayesian Variable Selection ◽  
Ecological Modelling ◽  
Synthetic Control ◽  
The Impact

Background Data on the national-level impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) introduction on mortality are lacking from Africa. PCV was introduced in South Africa in 2009. We estimated the impact of PCV introduction on all-cause pneumonia mortality in South Africa, while controlling for changes in mortality due to other interventions. Methods and findings We used national death registration data in South Africa from 1999 to 2016 to assess the impact of PCV introduction on all-cause pneumonia mortality in all ages, with the exclusion of infants aged <1 month. We created a composite (synthetic) control using Bayesian variable selection of nondiarrheal, nonpneumonia, and nonpneumococcal deaths to estimate the number of expected all-cause pneumonia deaths in the absence of PCV introduction post 2009. We compared all-cause pneumonia deaths from the death registry to the expected deaths in 2012 to 2016. We also estimated the number of prevented deaths during 2009 to 2016. Of the 9,324,638 deaths reported in South Africa from 1999 to 2016, 12·6% were pneumonia-related. Compared to number of deaths expected, we estimated a 33% (95% credible interval (CrI) 26% to 43%), 23% (95%CrI 17% to 29%), 25% (95%CrI 19% to 32%), and 23% (95%CrI 11% to 32%) reduction in pneumonia mortality in children aged 1 to 11 months, 1 to 4 years, 5 to 7 years, and 8 to 18 years in 2012 to 2016, respectively. In total, an estimated 18,422 (95%CrI 12,388 to 26,978) pneumonia-related deaths were prevented from 2009 to 2016 in children aged <19 years. No declines were estimated observed among adults following PCV introduction. This study was mainly limited by coding errors in original data that could have led to a lower impact estimate, and unmeasured factors could also have confounded estimates. Conclusions This study found that the introduction of PCV was associated with substantial reduction in all-cause pneumonia deaths in children aged 1 month to <19 years. The model predicted an effect of PCV in age groups who were eligible for vaccination (1 months to 4 years), and an indirect effect in those too old (8 to 18 years) to be vaccinated. These findings support sustaining pneumococcal vaccination to reduce pneumonia-related mortality in children.

scholarly journals The Impact of Anti-Retroviral Therapy on Tuberculosis Detection at the National Level in South Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 1407-1414
Author(s):  
Zoë M. McLaren ◽  
Alana Sharp ◽  
Elizabeth Brouwer ◽  
Ananta Nanoo
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
National Level ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Nasopharyngeal Carriage in Children After the Introduction of Generalized Infant Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Immunization in Germany

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus A. Rose ◽  
Maren Laurenz ◽  
Ralf Sprenger ◽  
Matthias Imöhl ◽  
Mark van der Linden
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Serotype Distribution ◽  
Pneumococcal Carriage ◽  
Demographic Risk ◽  
Demographic Risk Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Universal Infant

Epidemiological data on nasopharyngeal (NP) bacterial carriage in children in Germany are scarce. We prospectively characterized NP colonization to evaluate the impact of pneumococcal immunization. We longitudinally collected NP swabs from 2-month-old infants (visit 1; V1) at eight representative pediatric offices 10/2008-06/2009. The second swabs were taken at age 9–12 months (V2); the third swab was taken 3–6 months after the booster vaccination at age 17–19 months (V3), and the fourth swab (V4) at age 59–61 months. Samples were broth enriched, cultured for bacteria, and isolates were serotyped. Demographic risk factors for colonization were evaluated. Among 242 vaccinees, bacterial NP carriage increased with age [from 27.2% (V1) to 70.1% (V4)]; leading isolates were S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, and S. pyogenes. Overall pneumococcal carriage increased [14.7% (V1), 31.5% (V2), 34.8% (V3), 42.2% (V4)], being even greater among day-care attendees. Serotype distribution changed during the study period, with vaccine serotypes declining. At visit 4, 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) serotypes were no longer among the NP flora, while some serotypes unique to 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13; 3 and 19A) were found. In Germany, universal infant PCV immunization was associated with an almost complete eradication of PCV-serotypes and concomitant increase of non-PCV-serotypes, mainly 11A, 22F, and 23A.

scholarly journals Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine impact assessment in Bangladesh

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah H. Baqui ◽  
Eric D. McCollum ◽  
Samir K. Saha ◽  
Arun K. Roy ◽  
Nabidul H. Chowdhury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Incident Case ◽  
Vaccine Type ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Control Study

The study examines the impact of the introduction of 10-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV10) into Bangladesh’s national vaccine program. PCV10 is administered to children under 1 year-old; the scheduled ages of administration are at 6, 10, and 18 weeks. The study is conducted in ~770,000 population containing ~90,000 <5 children in Sylhet, Bangladesh and has five objectives: 1) To collect data on community-based pre-PCV incidence rates of invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) in 0-59 month-old children in Sylhet, Bangladesh; 2) To evaluate the effectiveness of PCV10 introduction on Vaccine Type (VT) IPD in 3-59 month-old children using an incident case-control study design. Secondary aims include measuring the effects of PCV10 introduction on all IPD in 3-59 month-old children using case-control study design, and quantifying the emergence of Non Vaccine Type IPD; 3) To evaluate the effectiveness of PCV10 introduction on chest radiograph-confirmed pneumonia in children 3-35 months old using incident case-control study design. We will estimate the incidence trend of clinical and radiologically-confirmed pneumonia in 3-35 month-old children in the study area before and after introduction of PCV10; 4) To determine the feasibility and utility of lung ultrasound for the diagnosis of pediatric pneumonia in a large sample of children in a resource-limited setting. We will also evaluate the effectiveness of PCV10 introduction on ultrasound-confirmed pneumonia in 3-35 month-old children using an incident case-control design and to examine the incidence trend of ultrasound-confirmed pneumonia in 3-35 month-old children in the study area before and after PCV10 introduction; and 5) To determine the direct and indirect effects of vaccination status on nasopharyngeal colonization on VT pneumococci among children with pneumonia.  This paper presents the methodology. The study will allow us to conduct a comprehensive and robust assessment of the impact of national introduction of PCV10 on pneumococcal disease in Bangladesh.

scholarly journals The Burden of Pneumococcal Disease in the Canadian Population Before Routine Use of the Seven-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrienne Morrow ◽  
Philippe De Wals ◽  
Geneviève Petit ◽  
Maryse Guay ◽  
Lonny James Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Acute Otitis Media ◽  
The United States ◽  
Canadian Population ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Life Years Lost ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND: In the United States, implementation of the seven-valent conjugate vaccine into childhood immunization schedules has had an effect on the burden of pneumococcal disease in all ages of the population. To evaluate the impact in Canada, it is essential to have an estimate of the burden of pneumococcal disease before routine use of the vaccine.METHODS: The incidence and costs of pneumococcal disease in the Canadian population in 2001 were estimated from various sources, including published studies, provincial databases and expert opinion.RESULTS: In 2001, there were 565,000 cases of pneumococcal disease in the Canadian population, with invasive infections representing 0.7%, pneumonia 7.5% and acute otitis media 91.8% of cases. There were a total of 3000 deaths, mainly as a result of pneumonia and largely attributable to the population aged 65 years or older. There were 54,330 life-years lost due to pneumococcal disease, and 37,430 quality-adjusted life-years lost due to acute disease, long-term sequelae and deaths. Societal costs were estimated to be $193 million (range $155 to $295 million), with 82% borne by the health system and 18% borne by families. Invasive pneumococcal infections represented 17% of the costs and noninvasive infections represented 83%, with approximately one-half of this proportion attributable to acute otitis media and myringotomy.CONCLUSIONS: The burden of pneumococcal disease before routine use of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine was substantial in all age groups of the Canadian population. This estimate provides a baseline for further analysis of the direct and indirect impacts of the vaccine.

Corporal Punishment: Law Reform Lessons for Australia from South Africa and New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laetitia-Ann Greeff
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Corporal Punishment ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
National Level ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
In Loco Parentis ◽  
A Charge ◽  
The Impact

This article compares the law reform methods employed by South Africa and New Zealand to eliminate the defence of ‘moderate and reasonable chastisement’ to a charge of common assault, to determine the best possible law reform strategy for Australian jurisdictions, within the context of its federal system of governance. South Africa and New Zealand banned corporal punishment on a national level, with South Africa prohibiting the use of corporal punishment by way of the judicial condemnation of the Constitutional Court in 2019, and New Zealand’s legislation to ban corporal punishment through Parliamentary processes in 2007. Corporal punishment in the home is still legal in Australia if administered by parents or those in loco parentis. This article focuses on the three Australian States that have enacted human rights legislation—Victoria, the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and Queensland—and the impact of this legislation on judicial law reform. In this regard, the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty is discussed in terms of its ability to limit public interest litigation’s viability to strike down inconsistent legislation. The article suggests that all three countries can learn from one another concerning the successes and/or failures of law reform. Furthermore, the article concludes by acknowledging that even though formal abolition is the norm in South Africa and New Zealand, corporal punishment remains widespread. Parents and those in loco parentis must be supported by continual education initiatives to bring about requisite social and cultural change.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document