scholarly journals Nasopharyngeal Carriage in Children After the Introduction of Generalized Infant Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Immunization in Germany

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus A. Rose ◽  
Maren Laurenz ◽  
Ralf Sprenger ◽  
Matthias Imöhl ◽  
Mark van der Linden
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Serotype Distribution ◽  
Pneumococcal Carriage ◽  
Demographic Risk ◽  
Demographic Risk Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Universal Infant

Epidemiological data on nasopharyngeal (NP) bacterial carriage in children in Germany are scarce. We prospectively characterized NP colonization to evaluate the impact of pneumococcal immunization. We longitudinally collected NP swabs from 2-month-old infants (visit 1; V1) at eight representative pediatric offices 10/2008-06/2009. The second swabs were taken at age 9–12 months (V2); the third swab was taken 3–6 months after the booster vaccination at age 17–19 months (V3), and the fourth swab (V4) at age 59–61 months. Samples were broth enriched, cultured for bacteria, and isolates were serotyped. Demographic risk factors for colonization were evaluated. Among 242 vaccinees, bacterial NP carriage increased with age [from 27.2% (V1) to 70.1% (V4)]; leading isolates were S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, and S. pyogenes. Overall pneumococcal carriage increased [14.7% (V1), 31.5% (V2), 34.8% (V3), 42.2% (V4)], being even greater among day-care attendees. Serotype distribution changed during the study period, with vaccine serotypes declining. At visit 4, 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) serotypes were no longer among the NP flora, while some serotypes unique to 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13; 3 and 19A) were found. In Germany, universal infant PCV immunization was associated with an almost complete eradication of PCV-serotypes and concomitant increase of non-PCV-serotypes, mainly 11A, 22F, and 23A.

scholarly journals Pneumococcal Carriage, Serotype Distribution, and Risk Factors in Children With Community-Acquired Pneumonia, 5 Years After Introduction of the 10-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abel Abera Negash ◽  
Daniel Asrat ◽  
Workeabeba Abebe ◽  
Tewodros Hailemariam ◽  
Meseret Gebre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Serotype Distribution ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Pneumococcal Carriage

Abstract Background There is a scarcity of data on pneumococcal serotypes carried by children in Ethiopia. We studied pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage rate, serotypes, and risk factors among children with community acquired pneumonia (CAP). Methods A prospective observational cohort study was performed in children with CAP, aged 0–15 years, in 2 pediatric emergency departments in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Nasopharyngeal swabs were cultured, and serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae were determined by sequencing the cpsB gene and by the Quellung reaction. Risk factors were analyzed by using binary logistic regression. Results Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 362 children with CAP. Pneumococcal carriage rate was 21.5% (78 of 362). The most common serotypes were 19A (27%), 16F (8.5%), and 6A (4.9%). In addition, 8.5% of the pneumococcal isolates were nontypeable. In bivariate analysis, children with a parent that smokes were more likely to carry pneumococci (crude odds ratio, 3.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2–12.3; P = .023) than those with parents that do not smoke. In multivariable analysis, living in a house with ≥2 rooms (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.48; 95% CI, 0.28–0.82; P = .007) and vaccination with ≥2 doses of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) (AOR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.15–0.92; P = .033) were protective of pneumococcal carriage. Conclusions Five years after introduction of PCV10 in Ethiopia, the vaccine-related serotype 19A was predominant in the nasopharynx of children with CAP. Continued evaluation of the direct and indirect impact of PCV10 on pneumococcal serotype distribution in Ethiopia is warranted.

scholarly journals Continued control of pneumococcal disease in the UK – the impact of vaccination

2011 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Gladstone ◽  
J. M. Jefferies ◽  
S. N. Faust ◽  
S. C. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Serotype Distribution ◽  
Conjugate Vaccines ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Streptococcus pneumoniae, also known as the pneumococcus, is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed and developing world. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines were first introduced for routine use in the USA in 2000, although the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was not introduced into the UK's routine childhood immunization programme until September 2006. After its introduction, a marked decrease in the incidence of pneumococcal disease was observed, both in the vaccinated and unvaccinated UK populations. However, pneumococci are highly diverse and serotype prevalence is dynamic. Conversely, PCV7 targets only a limited number of capsular types, which appears to confer a limited lifespan to the observed beneficial effects. Shifts in serotype distribution have been detected for both non-invasive and invasive disease reported since PCV7 introduction, both in the UK and elsewhere. The pneumococcal Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV, Synflorix; GlaxoSmithKline) and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13, Prevenar 13; Pfizer) have been newly licensed. The potential coverage of the 10- and 13-valent conjugate vaccines has also altered alongside serotype shifts. Nonetheless, the mechanism of how PCV7 has influenced serotype shift is not clear-cut as the epidemiology of serotype prevalence is complex. Other factors also influence prevalence and incidence of pneumococcal carriage and disease, such as pneumococcal diversity, levels of antibiotic use and the presence of risk groups. Continued surveillance and identification of factors influencing serotype distribution are essential to allow rational vaccine design, implementation and continued effective control of pneumococcal disease.

Serotype distribution of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in Canada during the introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, 2010

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (8) ◽  
pp. 1008-1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter H.B. Demczuk ◽  
Irene Martin ◽  
Averil Griffith ◽  
Brigitte Lefebvre ◽  
Allison McGeer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Serotype Distribution ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Central Canada ◽  
Implementation Period ◽  
Epidemiological Trends ◽  
The Impact

A baseline serotype distribution was established by age and region for 2058 invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates collected during the implementation period of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) program in many parts of Canada in 2010. Serotypes 19A, 7F, and 3 were the most prevalent in all age groups, accounting for 57% in <2 year olds, 62% in 2–4 year olds, 45% in 5–14 year olds, 44% in 15–49 year olds, 41% in 50–64 year olds, and 36% in ≥65 year olds. Serotype 19A was most predominant in Western and Central Canada representing 15% and 22%, respectively, of the isolates from those regions, whereas 7F was most common in Eastern Canada with 20% of the isolates. Other prevalent serotypes include 15A, 23B, 12F, 22F, and 6C. PCV13 serotypes represented 65% of the pneumococci isolated from <2 year olds, 71% of 2–4 year olds, 61% of 5–14 year olds, 60% of 15–49 year olds, 53% of 50–64 year olds, and 49% of the ≥65 year olds. Continued monitoring of invasive pneumococcal serotypes in Canada is important to identify epidemiological trends and assess the impact of the newly introduced PCV13 vaccine on public health.

scholarly journals Pneumococcal pneumonia and carriage in Africa before and after introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, 2000–2019: protocol for systematic review

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. e030981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Newton L. Kalata ◽  
Tinashe K. Nyazika ◽  
Todd D. Swarthout ◽  
Dean Everett ◽  
Neil French ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Pneumonia ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Published Data ◽  
National Immunisation Programme ◽  
Pneumococcal Carriage ◽  
Vaccine Type ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionAfrica harbours a high burden of pneumococcal disease, with associated high mortality rates. Despite 34 countries introducing the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, which reduces the risk of pneumococcal carriage (a prerequisite for disease) of some of the most pathogenic pneumococcal serotypes, it remains uncertain whether they will achieve the sustained direct or indirect protection necessary to reduce pneumococcal carriage to levels sufficient to interrupt transmission and disease. We will therefore summarise the available data on the impact of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in reducing vaccine serotype carriage and pneumococcal pneumonia in Africa between 2000 and 2019.Methods and analysisUsing a predetermined search strategy, we will conduct a comprehensive search of PubMed, MEDLINE database, the Excerpta Medica Database, the ISI Web of Science (Science Citation Index), Scopus and the African Index Medicus to identify published studies reporting the prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage (vaccine type and non-vaccine type), incidence rates of pneumococcal pneumonia and mortality among children, adults and HIV-infected (all-ages) pre-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) and post-PCV introduction (published between 1st January 2000 and 31st December 2019) in African countries that have introduced PCVs (PCV7/PCV10/PCV13) in their routine national immunisation programme. The studies retained and data extracted will be assessed for bias using prevalidated tools and checklists. Heterogeneity across studies will be assessed using the χ2 test on Cochrane Q statistic. A random effect meta-analysis will be used to estimate the overall prevalence of pneumococcal carriage and incidence of pneumococcal pneumonia across studies with similar characteristics. Results will be reported in compliance with the Meta-Analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. The protocol has been prepared in accordance to the 2015 guidelines on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.Ethics and disseminationThis systematic review will not require ethical approval as we will be using already published data. The final manuscript will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at conferences.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019130976.

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