scholarly journals Epidemiological, clinical, and public health response characteristics of a large outbreak of diphtheria among the Rohingya population in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh, 2017 to 2019: A retrospective study

PLoS Medicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. e1003587
Author(s):  
Jonathan A. Polonsky ◽  
Melissa Ivey ◽  
Khadimul Anam Mazhar ◽  
Ziaur Rahman ◽  
Olivier le Polain de Waroux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Cervical Lymphadenopathy ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Exponential Growth Phase ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Large Outbreak

Background Unrest in Myanmar in August 2017 resulted in the movement of over 700,000 Rohingya refugees to overcrowded camps in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. A large outbreak of diphtheria subsequently began in this population. Methods and findings Data were collected during mass vaccination campaigns (MVCs), contact tracing activities, and from 9 Diphtheria Treatment Centers (DTCs) operated by national and international organizations. These data were used to describe the epidemiological and clinical features and the control measures to prevent transmission, during the first 2 years of the outbreak. Between November 10, 2017 and November 9, 2019, 7,064 cases were reported: 285 (4.0%) laboratory-confirmed, 3,610 (51.1%) probable, and 3,169 (44.9%) suspected cases. The crude attack rate was 51.5 cases per 10,000 person-years, and epidemic doubling time was 4.4 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.2–4.7) during the exponential growth phase. The median age was 10 years (range 0–85), and 3,126 (44.3%) were male. The typical symptoms were sore throat (93.5%), fever (86.0%), pseudomembrane (34.7%), and gross cervical lymphadenopathy (GCL; 30.6%). Diphtheria antitoxin (DAT) was administered to 1,062 (89.0%) out of 1,193 eligible patients, with adverse reactions following among 229 (21.6%). There were 45 deaths (case fatality ratio [CFR] 0.6%). Household contacts for 5,702 (80.7%) of 7,064 cases were successfully traced. A total of 41,452 contacts were identified, of whom 40,364 (97.4%) consented to begin chemoprophylaxis; adherence was 55.0% (N = 22,218) at 3-day follow-up. Unvaccinated household contacts were vaccinated with 3 doses (with 4-week interval), while a booster dose was administered if the primary vaccination schedule had been completed. The proportion of contacts vaccinated was 64.7% overall. Three MVC rounds were conducted, with administrative coverage varying between 88.5% and 110.4%. Pentavalent vaccine was administered to those aged 6 weeks to 6 years, while tetanus and diphtheria (Td) vaccine was administered to those aged 7 years and older. Lack of adequate diagnostic capacity to confirm cases was the main limitation, with a majority of cases unconfirmed and the proportion of true diphtheria cases unknown. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the largest reported diphtheria outbreak in refugee settings. We observed that high population density, poor living conditions, and fast growth rate were associated with explosive expansion of the outbreak during the initial exponential growth phase. Three rounds of mass vaccinations targeting those aged 6 weeks to 14 years were associated with only modestly reduced transmission, and additional public health measures were necessary to end the outbreak. This outbreak has a long-lasting tail, with Rt oscillating at around 1 for an extended period. An adequate global DAT stockpile needs to be maintained. All populations must have access to health services and routine vaccination, and this access must be maintained during humanitarian crises.

scholarly journals Outbreak of trichinellosis related to eating imported wild boar meat, Belgium, 2014

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (37) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Messiaen ◽  
Annemie Forier ◽  
Steven Vanderschueren ◽  
Caroline Theunissen ◽  
Jochen Nijs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Local Public Health ◽  
Large Outbreak ◽  
Wild Boar Meat

Trichinellosis is a rare parasitic zoonosis caused by Trichinella following ingestion of raw or undercooked meat containing Trichinella larvae. In the past five years, there has been a sharp decrease in human trichinellosis incidence rates in the European Union due to better practices in rearing domestic animals and control measures in slaughterhouses. In November 2014, a large outbreak of trichinellosis occurred in Belgium, related to the consumption of imported wild boar meat. After a swift local public health response, 16 cases were identified and diagnosed with trichinellosis. Of the 16 cases, six were female. The diagnosis was confirmed by serology or the presence of larvae in the patients’ muscle biopsies by histology and/or PCR. The ensuing investigation traced the wild boar meat back to Spain. Several batches of imported wild boar meat were recalled but tested negative. The public health investigation allowed us to identify clustered undiagnosed cases. Early warning alerts and a coordinated response remain indispensable at a European level.

Activation of the expression of the microcin C51 operon upon glucose starvation of cells at the exponential growth phase

2005 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-43
Author(s):  
A. M. Veselovskii ◽  
A. Z. Metlitskaya ◽  
V. A. Lipasova ◽  
I. A. Bass ◽  
I. A. Khmel
Keyword(s):  
Growth Phase ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Exponential Growth Phase ◽  
Glucose Starvation

scholarly journals Differences in power-law growth over time and indicators of COVID-19 pandemic progression worldwide

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Merrin
Keyword(s):  
Error Analysis ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Spreading Rate ◽  
Exponential Growth Phase ◽  
Power Law Exponent ◽  
Disease Spreading ◽  
Over Time

1AbstractAn automated statistical and error analysis of 45 countries or regions with more than 1000 cases of COVID-19 as of March 28, 2020, has been performed. This study reveals differences in the rate of disease spreading rate over time in different countries. This survey observes that most countries undergo a beginning exponential growth phase, which transitions into a power-law phase, as recently suggested by Ziff and Ziff. Tracking indicators of growth, such as the power-law exponent, are a good indication of the relative danger different countries are in and show when social measures are effective towards slowing the spread. The data compiled here are usefully synthesizing a global picture, identifying country to country variation in spreading, and identifying countries most at risk. This analysis may factor into how best to track the effectiveness of social distancing policies and quarantines in real-time as data is updated each day.

scholarly journals Biosynthesis and turnover of outer-membrane proteins in Escherichia coli ML308-225

1979 ◽  
Vol 182 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
R J Allen ◽  
G K Scott
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Outer Membrane Proteins ◽  
Exponential Growth Phase ◽  
Outer Membranes ◽  
Dilution Experiments

Isolated outer membranes and outer-membrane extracts from Escherichia coli ML308-225 in the early-exponential growth phase contain more protein than do corresponding preparations from late-exponential- or stationary-phase bacteria. Isotope-dilution experiments show that this is due to a loss of protein from the membrane during the exponential growth phase. Inhibition of bacterial growth and protein synthesis stabilizes the outer-membrane-protein concentration. Protein synthesis in the absence of bacterial growth results in higher concentrations of protein in the outer membrane.

Exponential growth phase ofPseudomonas methanolica batch cultures

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 523-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Shulgovskaya ◽  
I. I. Ivanova ◽  
G. G. Sotnicov
Keyword(s):  
Growth Phase ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Exponential Growth Phase ◽  
Batch Cultures

scholarly journals The Putrescine Importer PuuP of Escherichia coli K-12

2009 ◽  
Vol 191 (8) ◽  
pp. 2776-2782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin Kurihara ◽  
Yuichi Tsuboi ◽  
Shinpei Oda ◽  
Hyeon Guk Kim ◽  
Hidehiko Kumagai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Gene Cluster ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Minimal Medium ◽  
Exponential Growth Phase ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
K 12 ◽  
Utilization Pathway

ABSTRACT The Puu pathway is a putrescine utilization pathway involving gamma-glutamyl intermediates. The genes encoding the enzymes of the Puu pathway form a gene cluster, the puu gene cluster, and puuP is one of the genes in this cluster. In Escherichia coli, three putrescine importers, PotFGHI, PotABCD, and PotE, were discovered in the 1990s and have been studied; however, PuuP had not been discovered previously. This paper shows that PuuP is a novel putrescine importer whose kinetic parameters are equivalent to those of the polyamine importers discovered previously. A puuP + strain absorbed up to 5 mM putrescine from the medium, but a ΔpuuP strain did not. E. coli strain MA261 has been used in previous studies of polyamine transporters, but PuuP had not been identified previously. It was revealed that the puuP gene of MA261 was inactivated by a point mutation. When E. coli was grown on minimal medium supplemented with putrescine as the sole carbon or nitrogen source, only PuuP among the polyamine importers was required. puuP was expressed strongly when putrescine was added to the medium or when the puuR gene, which encodes a putative repressor, was deleted. When E. coli was grown in M9-tryptone medium, PuuP was expressed mainly in the exponential growth phase, and PotFGHI was expressed independently of the growth phase.

scholarly journals Functional elucidation of the non-coding RNAs of Kluyveromyces marxianus in the exponential growth phase

BMC Genomics ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoo-Bok Cho ◽  
Eun Ju Lee ◽  
Suhyung Cho ◽  
Tae Yong Kim ◽  
Jin Hwan Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Phase ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Kluyveromyces Marxianus ◽  
Exponential Growth Phase ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Soy Peptides Enhance Heterologous Membrane Protein Productivity during the Exponential Growth Phase ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae

2012 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 628-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke ITO ◽  
Aya HIKIDA ◽  
Sayuri KITAGAWA ◽  
Takumi MISAKA ◽  
Keiko ABE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Protein ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Exponential Growth Phase ◽  
Soy Peptides ◽  
Protein Productivity

Giardia lamblia: axenic growth in autoclaved and filtered Diamond's TYI-S-33 medium

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 1673-1675 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Belosevic ◽  
G. M. Faubert ◽  
N. A. Croll ◽  
J. D. MacLean
Keyword(s):  
Growth Phase ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Giardia Lamblia ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Exponential Growth Phase ◽  
Growth Studies ◽  
Generation Times ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Axenic Growth

The trophozoites of Giardia lamblia were gradually adapted to grow in both autoclaved and filtered Diamond's TYI-S-33 culture medium. Comparative growth studies indicated that the growth of organisms was significantly higher in filtered TYI-S-33 medium. In both types of media the exponential growth phase occurred between 48 and 96 h postinoculation. The mean number of trophozoites at 96 h was 1.94 × 105 and 4.82 × 105 cells/mL for autoclaved and filtered media, respectively. The generation times for the exponential growth phase were 9.66 h. for autoclaved and 7.69 h for filtered medium. The percentage of dead trophozoites was similar in both media and was 14% for the first 8 days postinoculation.

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