scholarly journals The Role of Child Health Days in the Attainment of Global Deworming Coverage Targets among Preschool-Age Children

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. e0004206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Senam Kumapley ◽  
Roland Kupka ◽  
Nita Dalmiya
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Preschool Age Children

Disciplining Young Children: The Role of Verbal Instructions and Reasoning

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 336-341
Author(s):  
Nathan J. Blum ◽  
George E. Williams ◽  
Patrick C. Friman ◽  
Edward R. Christophersen
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Verbal Reasoning ◽  
Behavioral Psychology ◽  
Children's Behavior ◽  
Verbal Instructions ◽  
Oppositional Behaviors ◽  
Preschool Age Children

Pediatricians are often asked to advise parents who are having difficulty managing the oppositional behaviors of their toddlers and preschool-age children. A large number of articles provide advice to pediatricians and parents on effective disciplinary strategies. However, despite the fact that verbal explanations, reasoning, and instructions are commonly used by parents, few articles directly address the use of these strategies to affect children's behavior. In this paper, we review studies that explicitly investigate the ability of adults' verbal explanations or instructions to alter the behavior of young children. These studies suggest that under most circumstances, verbal explanations and instructions are not effective in changing young children's problem behaviors. We then discuss how theories in developmental and behavioral psychology help explain the limitations of using verbal reasoning and instructions to change young children's problem behaviors. Finally, we provide some recommendations for parents on the use of verbal explanations and instructions in disciplining young children.

scholarly journals A multilevel analysis of the social determinants associated with symptoms of acute respiratory infection among preschool age children in Pakistan: A population-based survey

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0260658
Author(s):  
Oluwafunmilade Deji-Abiodun ◽  
David Ferrandiz-Mont ◽  
Vinod Mishra ◽  
Chi Chiao
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Social ◽  
Preschool Age Children

Background As advocated by WHO in “Closing the Health Gap in a Generation”, dramatic differences in child health are closely linked to degrees of social disadvantage, both within and between communities. Nevertheless, research has not examined whether child health inequalities include, but are not confined to, worse acute respiratory infection (ARI) symptoms among the socioeconomic disadvantaged in Pakistan. In addition to such disadvantages as the child’s gender, maternal education, and household poverty, the present study also examined the linkages between the community environment and ARI symptoms among Pakistan children under five. Furthermore, we have assessed gender contingencies related to the aforementioned associations. Methods Using data from the nationally representative 2017–2018 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, a total of 11,908 surviving preschool age children (0–59 months old) living in 561 communities were analyzed. We employed two-level multilevel logistic regressions to model the relationship between ARI symptoms and individual-level and community-level social factors. Results The social factors at individual and community levels were found to be significantly associated with an increased risk of the child suffering from ARI symptoms. A particularly higher risk was observed among girls who resided in urban areas (AOR = 1.42; p<0.01) and who had a birth order of three or greater. Discussions Our results underscore the need for socioeconomic interventions in Pakistan that are targeted at densely populated households and communities within urban areas, with a particular emphasis on out-migration, in order to improve unequal economic underdevelopment. This could be done by targeting improvements in socio-economic structures, including maternal education.

Now I’m 3: Young Children’s Concepts of Age, Aging, and Birthdays

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline D. Woolley ◽  
Amanda M. Rhoads
Keyword(s):  
Aging Process ◽  
Biological Process ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Causal Role ◽  
Biological Mechanism ◽  
Birthday Party ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Preschool Age Children ◽  
Biological Aspects

In two studies, we examined 99 3- to 5-year-old American children’s concepts of age, aging, and birthdays. Previous research has shown that preschool-age children understand that all living beings grow, and that growth is a biological process. Humans, however, are distinct from other living things in that we attach great significance to the aging process. Specifically, in Western cultures, we have an annual ritual to celebrate the day we were born—the birthday party. Thus, although the biological mechanism of aging is continuous and invisible, it is marked by discrete yearly celebrations. We examine the proposal that, in part due to its salience as a cultural ritual, children interpret the birthday party as playing a causal role in the aging process. Results indicate that young children understand certain important biological aspects of the aging process but exhibit confusion regarding others, including the causal role of the annual birthday party.

Biracial Testing: The Question of Clinicians' Influence on Children’s Test Performance

1977 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Ratusnik ◽  
Roy A. Koenigsknecht
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Setting ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Speech And Language ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Drawing Test ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic ◽  
Preschool Age Children

Six speech and language clinicians, three black and three white, administered the Goodenough Drawing Test (1926) to 144 preschoolers. The four groups, lower socioeconomic black and white and middle socioeconomic black and white, were divided equally by sex. The biracial clinical setting was shown to influence test scores in black preschool-age children.

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