scholarly journals A multilevel analysis of the social determinants associated with symptoms of acute respiratory infection among preschool age children in Pakistan: A population-based survey

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0260658
Author(s):  
Oluwafunmilade Deji-Abiodun ◽  
David Ferrandiz-Mont ◽  
Vinod Mishra ◽  
Chi Chiao
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Social ◽  
Preschool Age Children

Background As advocated by WHO in “Closing the Health Gap in a Generation”, dramatic differences in child health are closely linked to degrees of social disadvantage, both within and between communities. Nevertheless, research has not examined whether child health inequalities include, but are not confined to, worse acute respiratory infection (ARI) symptoms among the socioeconomic disadvantaged in Pakistan. In addition to such disadvantages as the child’s gender, maternal education, and household poverty, the present study also examined the linkages between the community environment and ARI symptoms among Pakistan children under five. Furthermore, we have assessed gender contingencies related to the aforementioned associations. Methods Using data from the nationally representative 2017–2018 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, a total of 11,908 surviving preschool age children (0–59 months old) living in 561 communities were analyzed. We employed two-level multilevel logistic regressions to model the relationship between ARI symptoms and individual-level and community-level social factors. Results The social factors at individual and community levels were found to be significantly associated with an increased risk of the child suffering from ARI symptoms. A particularly higher risk was observed among girls who resided in urban areas (AOR = 1.42; p<0.01) and who had a birth order of three or greater. Discussions Our results underscore the need for socioeconomic interventions in Pakistan that are targeted at densely populated households and communities within urban areas, with a particular emphasis on out-migration, in order to improve unequal economic underdevelopment. This could be done by targeting improvements in socio-economic structures, including maternal education.

Predictors of Early Grade Retention Among Children in the United States

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Byrd ◽  
Michael L. Weitzman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Child Health ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Grade Retention ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
First Grade ◽  
The United States ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Early Grade ◽  
Early Retention

Background. Despite increasing concerns regarding school readiness, little is known about child health correlates of early school failure among the general child population. The results of this study, conducted to investigate health and social factors associated with early grade retention in a nationally representative sample of children in the United States, are reported here. Design. Analyses of data derived from interviews with parents of 9996 children ages 7 to 17 years who participated in the Child Health Supplement to the 1988 National Health Interview Survey. Main Outcome Measures. History of repeating kindergarten or first grade. Results. Nationally, 7.6% of children repeated kindergarten or first grade. In a logistic regression model, factors independently associated with increased risk of grade retention were: poverty [Odds Ratio (OR) 1.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4, 2.1], male gender (OR 1.5, CI 1.3, 1.9), low maternal education (OR 1.4, CI 1.1, 1.8); deafness (OR 1.9, CI 1.4, 2.6), speech defects (OR 1.7, CI 1.1, 2.6), low birth weight (OR 1.6, CI 1.2, 2.2), enuresis (OR 1.6, CI 1.1, 2.2), and exposure to household smoking (OR 1.4, CI 1.1, 1.7). High maternal education (OR 0.6 CI 0.4, 0.9) and residence with both biological parents at age 6 years (OR 0.7, CI 0.6, 0.9) were independently associated with a decreased risk of retention. Recurrent otitis media, black race, and low maternal age, although associated with early grade retention in bivariate analyses, were not independently associated with grade retention in a model that controls for these other factors and for the age cohort of the child. Although omitted from the above predictive model because of uncertainty about its temporal relation to early grade retention in this dataset, behavior problems at the time of interview have a strong independent association (OR 1.9, CI 1.5, 2.5) with prior early retention. Conclusions. This is the first study that uses national data to investigate how health and social factors individually and collectively contribute to early grade retention. It demonstrates that early retention is common, that a number of extremely common child health problems are independently associated with it, and that the magnitude of the heightened risk associated with these problems is similar to that of many of the well-recognized and difficult to change family and social risk factors for early retention. The successful implementations of Pub L 99-457 (The Education for All Handicapped Children Act Amendments of 1986) services in communities nationwide, and the improvement in the educational performance of large numbers of children will be facilitated by pediatricians' advocacy and surveillance for problems that place children at risk for educational failure, and by effective referral to and collaboration with nonpediatric child and family services.

Factors that affect entomophagical practices in Ghana

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.J. Anankware ◽  
E.A. Osekre ◽  
D. Obeng-Ofori ◽  
C.M. Khamala
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Edible Insects ◽  
The Social ◽  
Gender Education ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Religious Reasons

This study evaluated the social and ecological factors that affect entomophagy in Ghana with a view to instigate the initiation of programmes for the use of insects for human and poultry nutrition in Africa. Two thousand questionnaires were administered to randomly selected respondents in all the ten regions of Ghana. With regards to social factors, entomophagy was found to be influenced by age, gender, education and occupation. Entomophagy is practiced across all age groups and gender in Ghana. Proportionally, 90, 78 and 74% of the aged (60+), middle aged (31-50) and the youth (18-30), respectively, were observed to consume various insect species. Ecologically, entomophagy was more pronounced in rural than urban areas. Over 87% of respondents who consume edible insects acquire them through harvesting/trapping. Four insect species were identified as feed for animals. The majority (81.6%) of the respondents consume insects as a source of protein, 9.6% for cultural reasons, 5.6% for medicinal values and 3.0 and 0.2%, respectively, for recreational and religious reasons. Gender has the least influence on entomophagy. Considering the economic, ecological and nutritional importance of edible insects in traditional Ghanaian foods, attention should be given to sustainable environmental harvesting practices.

scholarly journals Determinan kejadian stunting pada bayi usia 6 bulan di Kota Semarang

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-88
Author(s):  
Ardian Candra Mustikaningrum ◽  
Hertanto W Subagio ◽  
Ani Margawati
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Economic Level ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
The City ◽  
Control Study

Background: Stunting is an indicator of chronic nutrition problems. Districts with the highest prevalence of stunting is the District Gunungpati (16,93%), Mijen (13,75%), and Tembalang (10,11%). The prevalence of stunting are more difficult to overcome with increasing age there should be a study to determine the incidence of stunting the determinant.Objective: To identify determinants of stunting in infants aged 6 months in the city of Semarang.Methods: case-control study, composed of 91 infants stunting and 91 normal infants. The sample selection using purposive sampling. Determinants studied were low birth weight, exclusive breastfeeding, complementary feeding Giving early, the incidence of diarrhea, ISPA, the allocation of parenting time mother, maternal height, maternal education, family economic level, and head circumference. The research instrument with a questionnaire, digital baby scales, infantometer, and metline. Data were analyzed with the value of odds ratios  and multiple logistic regression.Results:The proportion of stunting was 39.6% in male babies and 60.4% in girls. Result of bivariate are low birth weight, the incidence of diarrhea, ISPA, maternal education, and family economic level association with stunting, but result in multivariate determinant incidence of stunting is the family's economic level (OR = 5,39, 95% CI = 2,73; 10,63, p<0,001), the incidence of acute respiratory infection (OR = 2,29, 95% CI = 1,16; 4,51, p=0,016). The family's economic level, the incidence of acute respiratory infection, and the incident of diarrhea contribute to stunting by 30%..Conclusion: The main determinants of stunting in infants 6 months is the  family’seconomic level.

scholarly journals Impact of the Social and Natural Environment on Preschool-Age Children Weight

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inga Petraviciene ◽  
Regina Grazuleviciene ◽  
Sandra Andrusaityte ◽  
Audrius Dedele ◽  
Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
The Social ◽  
Preschool Age Children

scholarly journals Nexus between Air Pollution and Neonatal Deaths: A Case of Asian Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (21) ◽  
pp. 4148
Author(s):  
Asim Anwar ◽  
Muhammad Ayub ◽  
Noman Khan ◽  
Antoine Flahault
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Fixed Effect Model ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Neonatal Deaths ◽  
Sustainable Solutions

The rapid economic growth in Asian countries has witnessed a persistent increase in air pollution complementing adverse health challenges for children in these countries. Quantification of health effects attributable to air pollution (PM2.5) is important in policy implications to tackle air pollution and associated health problems. This study aims to explore the nexus between air pollution and neonates’ deaths embedded in acute respiratory infection. We collected panel data from the 12 most vulnerable Asian countries over the period of 2000–2017 and analyzed through the fixed-effect model. Empirical results show a positive relation between air pollution, temperature, and neonates’ deaths in the studied Asian countries. The results have attested negative impacts of income and education while positive effect of population density on neonates’ deaths due to acute respiratory infection. Diagnostic and prognostic measures have checked the pace of the respiratory diseases caused by PM2.5 and resultant deaths in Asian countries; yet alarming factors, like mounting industrial air pollution and rapid expansion of industrial zones in urban areas, need to be addressed in policy implications for long term sustainable solutions.

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