Do Bodily Expressions Compete with Facial Expressions? Time Course of Integration of Emotional Signals from the Face and the Body

In this study, children with learning disability (LD) were compared with children with autism spectrum disorder(ASD) in terms of identifying emotions from photographs with certain face and body expressions. The sampleconsisted of a total of 82 children aged 7-19 years living in Izmir in Turkey. A total of 6 separate sets of slides,consisting of black and white photographs, were used to assess participants’ ability to identify feelings – 3 sets forfacial expressions, and 3 sets for body language. There were 20 photographs on the face slides and 38 photographson the body language slides. The results of the nonparametric Mann Whitney-U test showed no significant differencebetween the total scores that children received from each of the face and body language slide sets. It was observedthat the children with LD usually looked at the whole photo, while the children with ASD focused especially aroundthe mouth to describe feelings. The results that were obtained were discussed in the context of the literature, andsuggestions were presented.

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A sad thumbs up: Incongruent gestures and disrupted sensorimotor activity both slow processing of facial expressions

10.31219/osf.io/rv9k6 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Adrienne Wood ◽

Jared Martin ◽

Martha W. Alibali ◽

Paula Niedenthal

Keyword(s):

Facial Expression ◽

Facial Expressions ◽

Face Processing ◽

Congruency Effect ◽

The Body ◽

Hand Gestures ◽

Affective Meaning ◽

Sensorimotor Activity ◽

The Face ◽

Expression Processing

Recognition of affect expressed in the face is disrupted when the body expresses an incongruent affect. Existing research has documented such interference for universally recognizable bodily expressions. However, it remains unknown whether learned, conventional gestures can interfere with facial expression processing. Study 1 participants (N = 62) viewed videos of facial expressions accompanied by hand gestures and reported the valence of either the face or hand. Responses were slower and less accurate when the face-hand pairing was incongruent compared to congruent. We hypothesized that hand gestures might exert an even stronger influence on facial expression processing when other routes to understanding the meaning of a facial expression, such as with sensorimotor simulation, are disrupted. Participants in Study 2 (N = 127) completed the same task, but the facial mobility of some participants was restricted, which disrupted face processing in prior work. The hand-face congruency effect from Study 1 was replicated. The facial mobility manipulation affected males only, and it did not moderate the congruency effect. The present work suggests the affective meaning of conventional gestures is processed automatically and can interfere with face perception, but perceivers do not seem to rely more on gestures when sensorimotor face processing is disrupted.

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Sign Language Prosody

The Oxford Handbook of Language Prosody ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198832232.013.44 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 103-122

Author(s):

Wendy Sandler ◽

Diane Lillo-Martin ◽

Svetlana Dachkovsky ◽

Ronice Müller de Quadros

Keyword(s):

Sign Language ◽

Facial Expressions ◽

Information Structure ◽

Syntactic Structure ◽

Division Of Labour ◽

The Body ◽

Sign Languages ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Face

Sign languages are unlike spoken languages because they are produced by a wide range of visibly perceivable articulators: the hands, the face, the head, and the body. There is as yet no consensus on the division of labour between these articulators and the linguistic elements or subsystems that they subserve. For example, certain systematic facial expressions in sign languages have been argued to be the realization of syntactic structure by some researchers and of information structure, and thus prosodic in nature, by others. This chapter brings evidence from three unrelated sign languages for the latter claim. It shows that certain non-manual markers are best understood as representing pragmatic notions related to information structure, such as accessibility, contingency, and focus, and are thus part of the prosodic system in sign languages generally. The data and argumentation serve to sharpen the distinction between prosody and syntax in language generally.

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Can an android’s posture and movement discriminate against the ambiguous emotion perceived from its facial expressions?

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0254905 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (8) ◽

pp. e0254905

Author(s):

Satoshi Yagi ◽

Yoshihiro Nakata ◽

Yutaka Nakamura ◽

Hiroshi Ishiguro

Keyword(s):

Facial Expression ◽

Facial Expressions ◽

Muscle Activation ◽

Mapping Method ◽

Human Robot Interaction ◽

The Body ◽

Whole Body ◽

Emotional Expressions ◽

Muscle Activation Patterns ◽

The Face

Expressing emotions through various modalities is a crucial function not only for humans but also for robots. The mapping method from facial expressions to the basic emotions is widely used in research on robot emotional expressions. This method claims that there are specific facial muscle activation patterns for each emotional expression and people can perceive these emotions by reading these patterns. However, recent research on human behavior reveals that some emotional expressions, such as the emotion “intense”, are difficult to judge as positive or negative by just looking at the facial expression alone. Nevertheless, it has not been investigated whether robots can also express ambiguous facial expressions with no clear valence and whether the addition of body expressions can make the facial valence clearer to humans. This paper shows that an ambiguous facial expression of an android can be perceived more clearly by viewers when body postures and movements are added. We conducted three experiments and online surveys among North American residents with 94, 114 and 114 participants, respectively. In Experiment 1, by calculating the entropy, we found that the facial expression “intense” was difficult to judge as positive or negative when they were only shown the facial expression. In Experiments 2 and 3, by analyzing ANOVA, we confirmed that participants were better at judging the facial valence when they were shown the whole body of the android, even though the facial expression was the same as in Experiment 1. These results suggest that facial and body expressions by robots should be designed jointly to achieve better communication with humans. In order to achieve smoother cooperative human-robot interaction, such as education by robots, emotion expressions conveyed through a combination of both the face and the body of the robot is necessary to convey the robot’s intentions or desires to humans.

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Influence of stable iodine on the uptake of the thyroid – model vs. experiment

Nuklearmedizin ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1623989 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 40 (01) ◽

pp. 31-37 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

U. Wellner ◽

E. Voth ◽

H. Schicha ◽

K. Weber

Keyword(s):

Time Course ◽

Compartment Model ◽

The Body ◽

Iodine Uptake ◽

Model Calculations ◽

Physiological Conditions ◽

Iodine Supply ◽

Predicted Values ◽

The Individual ◽

Stable Iodine

Summary Aim: The influence of physiological and pharmacological amounts of iodine on the uptake of radioiodine in the thyroid was examined in a 4-compartment model. This model allows equations to be derived describing the distribution of tracer iodine as a function of time. The aim of the study was to compare the predictions of the model with experimental data. Methods: Five euthyroid persons received stable iodine (200 μg, 10 mg). 1-123-uptake into the thyroid was measured with the Nal (Tl)-detector of a body counter under physiological conditions and after application of each dose of additional iodine. Actual measurements and predicted values were compared, taking into account the individual iodine supply as estimated from the thyroid uptake under physiological conditions and data from the literature. Results: Thyroid iodine uptake decreased from 80% under physiological conditions to 50% in individuals with very low iodine supply (15 μg/d) (n = 2). The uptake calculated from the model was 36%. Iodine uptake into the thyroid did not decrease in individuals with typical iodine supply, i.e. for Cologne 65-85 μg/d (n = 3). After application of 10 mg of stable iodine, uptake into the thyroid decreased in all individuals to about 5%, in accordance with the model calculations. Conclusion: Comparison of theoretical predictions with the measured values demonstrated that the model tested is well suited for describing the time course of iodine distribution and uptake within the body. It can now be used to study aspects of iodine metabolism relevant to the pharmacological administration of iodine which cannot be investigated experimentally in humans for ethical and technical reasons.

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Questions on the role of biofilms for the adaptation of microorganisms to unfavorable environmental factors by the example of P. aeruginosa

Hygiene and Sanitation ◽

10.33029/0016-9900-2020-99-4-379-383 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 99 (4) ◽

pp. 379-383

Author(s):

Vasily N. Afonyushkin ◽

N. A. Donchenko ◽

Ju. N. Kozlova ◽

N. A. Davidova ◽

V. Yu. Koptev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Environmental Factors ◽

Barrier Function ◽

Infectious Agent ◽

Antagonistic Activity ◽

The Body ◽

Main Function ◽

Pathogenic Potential ◽

The Face

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a widely represented species of bacteria possessing of a pathogenic potential. This infectious agent is causing wound infections, fibrotic cystitis, fibrosing pneumonia, bacterial sepsis, etc. The microorganism is highly resistant to antiseptics, disinfectants, immune system responses of the body. The responses of a quorum sense of this kind of bacteria ensure the inclusion of many pathogenicity factors. The analysis of the scientific literature made it possible to formulate four questions concerning the role of biofilms for the adaptation of P. aeruginosa to adverse environmental factors: Is another person appears to be predominantly of a source an etiological agent or the source of P. aeruginosa infection in the environment? Does the formation of biofilms influence on the antibiotic resistance? How the antagonistic activity of microorganisms is realized in biofilm form? What is the main function of biofilms in the functioning of bacteria? A hypothesis has been put forward the effect of biofilms on the increase of antibiotic resistance of bacteria and, in particular, P. aeruginosa to be secondary in charcter. It is more likely a biofilmboth to fulfill the function of storing nutrients and provide topical competition in the face of food scarcity. In connection with the incompatibility of the molecular radii of most antibiotics and pores in biofilm, biofilm is doubtful to be capable of performing a barrier function for protecting against antibiotics. However, with respect to antibodies and immunocompetent cells, the barrier function is beyond doubt. The biofilm is more likely to fulfill the function of storing nutrients and providing topical competition in conditions of scarcity of food resources.

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The Glow Still Shows: Effects of Facial Masking on Perceptions of Duchenne Versus Social Smiles

Perception ◽

10.1177/03010066211027052 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 030100662110270

Author(s):

Kennon M. Sheldon ◽

Ryan Goffredi ◽

Mike Corcoran

Keyword(s):

Facial Expressions ◽

Lower Half ◽

Communicative Functions ◽

The Face ◽

Facial Expressions Of Emotion ◽

Duchenne Smiles ◽

Neutral Expression

Facial expressions of emotion have important communicative functions. It is likely that mask-wearing during pandemics disrupts these functions, especially for expressions defined by activity in the lower half of the face. We tested this by asking participants to rate both Duchenne smiles (DSs; defined by the mouth and eyes) and non-Duchenne or “social” smiles (SSs; defined by the mouth alone), within masked and unmasked target faces. As hypothesized, masked SSs were rated much lower in “a pleasant social smile” and much higher in “a merely neutral expression,” compared with unmasked SSs. Essentially, masked SSs became nonsmiles. Masked DSs were still rated as very happy and pleasant, although significantly less so than unmasked DSs. Masked DSs and SSs were both rated as displaying more disgust than the unmasked versions.

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Emotion Recognition of Facial Expressions Presented in Profile

Psychological Reports ◽

10.1177/00332941211018403 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 003329412110184

Author(s):

Paola Surcinelli ◽

Federica Andrei ◽

Ornella Montebarocci ◽

Silvana Grandi

Keyword(s):

Emotion Recognition ◽

Facial Expressions ◽

Response Times ◽

Recognition Accuracy ◽

Recognition Of Facial Expressions ◽

Profile View ◽

The Face ◽

Within Subjects ◽

Face Stimuli ◽

Affective Information

Aim of the research The literature on emotion recognition from facial expressions shows significant differences in recognition ability depending on the proposed stimulus. Indeed, affective information is not distributed uniformly in the face and recent studies showed the importance of the mouth and the eye regions for a correct recognition. However, previous studies used mainly facial expressions presented frontally and studies which used facial expressions in profile view used a between-subjects design or children faces as stimuli. The present research aims to investigate differences in emotion recognition between faces presented in frontal and in profile views by using a within subjects experimental design. Method The sample comprised 132 Italian university students (88 female, Mage = 24.27 years, SD = 5.89). Face stimuli displayed both frontally and in profile were selected from the KDEF set. Two emotion-specific recognition accuracy scores, viz., frontal and in profile, were computed from the average of correct responses for each emotional expression. In addition, viewing times and response times (RT) were registered. Results Frontally presented facial expressions of fear, anger, and sadness were significantly better recognized than facial expressions of the same emotions in profile while no differences were found in the recognition of the other emotions. Longer viewing times were also found when faces expressing fear and anger were presented in profile. In the present study, an impairment in recognition accuracy was observed only for those emotions which rely mostly on the eye regions.

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The face of future: Face expressions during future thinking

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology ◽

10.1177/1747021821992991 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 174702182199299

Author(s):

Mohamad El Haj ◽

Emin Altintas ◽

Ahmed A Moustafa ◽

Abdel Halim Boudoukha

Keyword(s):

Facial Expression ◽

Facial Expressions ◽

Emotional Experience ◽

Future Scenarios ◽

Future Thinking ◽

Analysis Software ◽

Emotional Facial Expressions ◽

Facial Analysis ◽

The Face ◽

Face Expressions

Future thinking, which is the ability to project oneself forward in time to pre-experience an event, is intimately associated with emotions. We investigated whether emotional future thinking can activate emotional facial expressions. We invited 43 participants to imagine future scenarios, cued by the words “happy,” “sad,” and “city.” Future thinking was video recorded and analysed with a facial analysis software to classify whether facial expressions (i.e., happy, sad, angry, surprised, scared, disgusted, and neutral facial expression) of participants were neutral or emotional. Analysis demonstrated higher levels of happy facial expressions during future thinking cued by the word “happy” than “sad” or “city.” In contrast, higher levels of sad facial expressions were observed during future thinking cued by the word “sad” than “happy” or “city.” Higher levels of neutral facial expressions were observed during future thinking cued by the word “city” than “happy” or “sad.” In the three conditions, the neutral facial expressions were high compared with happy and sad facial expressions. Together, emotional future thinking, at least for future scenarios cued by “happy” and “sad,” seems to trigger the corresponding facial expression. Our study provides an original physiological window into the subjective emotional experience during future thinking.

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Involvement of Autophagy in Rat Tail Static Compression-Induced Intervertebral Disc Degeneration and Notochordal Cell Disappearance

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22115648 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (11) ◽

pp. 5648

Author(s):

Takashi Yurube ◽

Hiroaki Hirata ◽

Masaaki Ito ◽

Yoshiki Terashima ◽

Yuji Kakiuchi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intervertebral Disc ◽

Disc Degeneration ◽

Time Course ◽

The Body ◽

Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase ◽

Autophagic Flux ◽

Static Compression ◽

Notochordal Cell ◽

Notochordal Cells ◽

Rat Tail

The intervertebral disc is the largest avascular low-nutrient organ in the body. Thus, resident cells may utilize autophagy, a stress-response survival mechanism, by self-digesting and recycling damaged components. Our objective was to elucidate the involvement of autophagy in rat experimental disc degeneration. In vitro, the comparison between human and rat disc nucleus pulposus (NP) and annulus fibrosus (AF) cells found increased autophagic flux under serum deprivation rather in humans than in rats and in NP cells than in AF cells of rats (n = 6). In vivo, time-course Western blotting showed more distinct basal autophagy in rat tail disc NP tissues than in AF tissues; however, both decreased under sustained static compression (n = 24). Then, immunohistochemistry displayed abundant autophagy-related protein expression in large vacuolated disc NP notochordal cells of sham rats. Under temporary static compression (n = 18), multi-color immunofluorescence further identified rapidly decreased brachyury-positive notochordal cells with robust expression of autophagic microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and transiently increased brachyury-negative non-notochordal cells with weaker LC3 expression. Notably, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling-positive apoptotic death was predominant in brachyury-negative non-notochordal cells. Based on the observed notochordal cell autophagy impairment and non-notochordal cell apoptosis induction under unphysiological mechanical loading, further investigation is warranted to clarify possible autophagy-induced protection against notochordal cell disappearance, the earliest sign of disc degeneration, through limiting apoptosis.

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