Food Emulsifier Glycerin Monostearate Increases Internal Exposure Levels of Six Priority Controlled Phthalate Esters and Exacerbates Their Male Reproductive Toxicities in Rats

Abstract Background The PIG-A gene mutation assay is a valuable tool for measuring in vivo gene mutations in blood cells. The human PIG-A assay, used as a potential genotoxicity biomarker, is minimally invasive, sensitive, and cost-efficient; however, the relationship between carcinogen exposure and PIG-A mutations is not well understood. Methods We investigated the genotoxic effect of red blood cells using PIG-A assay and lymphocyte cytokinesis-block micronucleus test in barbecue restaurant workers (N = 70) exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and self-identified healthy control subjects (N = 56). Urinary PAH metabolites were measured to evaluate internal exposure levels. Results Multivariate Poisson regression showed that the PAH-exposed workers exhibited significantly higher PIG-A mutant frequency (MF) (8.04 ± 6.81 × 10− 6) than did the controls (5.56 ± 5.26 × 10− 6) (RR = 0.707, 95% CI: 0.615–0.812, P < 0.001). These results indicate that PAH exposure is a risk factor for elevated PIG-A MF. The frequencies of micronuclei (MN) and nuclear buds (NBUD) in the PAH-exposed workers (MN: 3.06 ± 2.07 ‰, NBUD: 1.38 ± 1.02 ‰) were also significantly higher than in the controls (MN: 1.46 ± 0.64 ‰, P < 0.001; NBUD: 0.70 ± 0.60 ‰, P < 0.001). Additionally, PIG-A MFs showed better associations with several urinary hydroxylated PAH metabolites (P2-OH-Flu = 0.032, r2-OH-Flu = 0. 268; P2-OH-Phe = 0.022, r2-OH-Phe = 0.286; P3-OH-Phe = 0.0312, r3-OH-Phe = 0.270; P4-OH-Phe = 0.018, r4-OH-Phe = 0.296), while the increase in MN, NPB, and NBUD frequencies was not associated with any OH-PAH metabolites; and high-PAH-exposed workers showed the highest PIG-A MFs. Furthermore, there was a significant association between PIG-A MF and PAH exposure levels (Chi-square test for trend, P = 0.006). Conclusions Our results indicate that an increase in PIG-A MF in barbecue workers could reflect the response to PAH exposure, providing evidence of its potential as a genotoxicity biomarker in human risk assessment.

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Measurement and communication: what worked and what did not in Fukushima

Annals of the ICRP ◽

10.1177/0146645316666493 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 45 (2_suppl) ◽

pp. 14-22

Author(s):

R. Hayano

Keyword(s):

Power Plant ◽

Nuclear Power Plant ◽

Nuclear Power ◽

Internal Exposure ◽

Whole Body ◽

External Exposure ◽

External Dose ◽

Exposure Levels ◽

Fukushima Daiichi ◽

Body Count

The accident at Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant contaminated the soil of densely populated regions in Fukushima Prefecture with radiocaesium, which poses risks of internal and external exposure to the residents. However, extensive whole-body-count surveys have shown that internal exposure levels of residents are negligible. In addition, data from personal dosimeters have shown that external exposure levels have decreased, so the estimated annual external dose of the majority of people is <1 mSv in most areas of Fukushima. Despite these reassuring data, many problems remain in Fukushima, many of which are psychosocial rather than radiological. This article will discuss the roles of measurement and communication in the postaccident phase based on 5 years of experience.

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Estimating the risk of phthalates exposure via tea consumption in general population

International Journal of Food Studies ◽

10.7455/ijfs.v7i1.435 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mohammad Mehdi Amin ◽

Foruz Rastegari ◽

Parinaz Poursafa ◽

Karim Ebrahim

Keyword(s):

Phthalic Acid ◽

Oral Absorption ◽

Phthalate Esters ◽

Interquartile Range ◽

Tea Consumption ◽

Phthalic Acid Esters ◽

Black And White ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Exposure Levels ◽

Acid Esters

Four common phthalic acid esters (PAEs) levels in tea fusions samples prepared from three types of tea bags (green, black and white) of ten commercial brands were extracted from the infusions by a dispersive liquid-liquid micro extraction method and determined by GC-MS.PAEs were not found in white tea samples. Residue levels of total phthalic acid esters (TPAEs) in black and green teas showed no significant difference (median=367.5, Interquartile range=244.7-667.5 and median=381, Interquartile range=188.7-688.2µg/kg respectively). DEHP levels in green teas were significantly higher than those in black teas (Median= 93.5 and 204 respectively). Total phthalate esters (TPAEs) levels in flavored teas were about two-fold higher than in non-flavored teas. The four commercial brands tested contain significant levels of DEHP when compared to other brands. Essential oils and essences that were added to tea for improvement of color and taste could be the main sources of PAEs contamination. If oral absorption of phthalates were assumed to be 100%, the maximum daily exposure levels to TPAEs via tea consumption (due to consumption of 5 cups of tea prepared from the tea containing the highest levels TPAEs) were estimated to be 230e-4 μg/kg bw/Day, which are far lower than the regulation levels set by the expert panels on regularly toxicity.

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Advancing Chemical Risk Assessment through Human Physiology-Based Biochemical Process Modeling

Fluids ◽

10.3390/fluids4010004 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 4 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Dimosthenis Sarigiannis ◽

Spyros Karakitsios

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Effective Dose ◽

High Throughput Screening ◽

Chemical Space ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Adverse Outcomes ◽

Internal Exposure ◽

Biological Pathway ◽

Exposure Levels

Physiology-Based BioKinetic (PBBK) models are of increasing interest in modern risk assessment, providing quantitative information regarding the absorption, metabolism, distribution, and excretion (ADME). They focus on the estimation of the effective dose at target sites, aiming at the identification of xenobiotic levels that are able to result in perturbations to the biological pathway that are potentially associated with adverse outcomes. The current study aims at the development of a lifetime PBBK model that covers a large chemical space, coupled with a framework for human biomonitoring (HBM) data assimilation. The methodology developed herein was demonstrated in the case of bisphenol A (BPA), where exposure analysis was based on European HBM data. Based on our calculations, it was found that current exposure levels in Europe are below the temporary Tolerable Daily Intake (t-TDI) of 4 μg/kg_bw/day proposed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Taking into account age-dependent bioavailability differences, internal exposure was estimated and compared with the biologically effective dose (BED) resulting from translating the EFSA temporary total daily intake (t-TDI) into equivalent internal dose and an alternative internal exposure reference value, namely biological pathway altering dose (BPAD); the use of such a refined exposure metric, showed that environmentally relevant exposure levels are below the concentrations associated with the activation of biological pathways relevant to toxicity based on High Throughput Screening (HTS) in vitro studies.

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Human exposure to phthalate esters associated with e-waste dismantling: Exposure levels, sources, and risk assessment

Environment International ◽

10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.035 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 124 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Bo Zhang ◽

Tao Zhang ◽

Yishuang Duan ◽

Zhen Zhao ◽

Xiongfei Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Human Exposure ◽

Phthalate Esters ◽

Exposure Levels

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The Growing Importance of the Human Biomonitoring of Exposure

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17113934 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (11) ◽

pp. 3934 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Giovanna Tranfo

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Biological Monitoring ◽

Human Biomonitoring ◽

Internal Exposure ◽

Early Symptoms ◽

Limit Value ◽

Biological Limit Value ◽

Exposure Levels ◽

Value Effect

The human biological monitoring of exposure is the determination of biomarkers, which can be dose biomarkers, measuring internal exposure levels to be compared with any (if known) biological limit value, effect biomarkers, which highlight early symptoms or dysfunctional situations still reversible with the improvement of the exposure situations, and susceptibility biomarkers, which express individual differences of genetic or acquired origin [...]

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Internal exposure levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine ◽

10.1186/s12199-019-0805-9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Xin Huang ◽

Xu Deng ◽

Wenyan Li ◽

Shudan Liu ◽

Yiwen Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Internal Exposure ◽

Polycyclic Aromatic ◽

Exposure Levels

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Assessment of exposure to ionizing radiation in Chernobyl tree frogs (Hyla orientalis)

10.1101/2021.05.17.443382 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Pablo Burraco ◽

Clement Car ◽

Jean-Marc Bonzom ◽

German Orizaola

Keyword(s):

Ionizing Radiation ◽

Total Dose ◽

Dose Rate ◽

Animal Health ◽

Radioactive Material ◽

Internal Exposure ◽

Accurate Estimation ◽

Exposure Levels ◽

Tree Frogs ◽

Current Exposure

Ionizing radiation can damage organic molecules, causing detrimental effects on human and wildlife health. The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (1986) represents the largest release of radioactive material to the environment. An accurate estimation of the current exposure to radiation in wildlife, often reduced to ambient dose rate assessments, is crucial to understand the long-term impact of radiation on living organisms. Here, we present an evaluation of the sources and variation of current exposure to radiation in breeding Eastern tree frogs (Hyla orientalis) males living in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone. Total dose rates in H. orientalis were highly variable, although generally below widely used thresholds considered harmful for animal health. Internal exposure was the main source of absorbed dose rate (81% on average), with 90Sr being the main contributor (78% of total dose rate, on average). These results highlight the importance of assessing both internal and external exposure levels in order to perform a robust evaluation of the exposure to radiation in wildlife. Further studies incorporating life-history, ecological, and evolutionary traits are needed to fully evaluate the effects that these exposure levels can have in amphibians and other taxa inhabiting radio-contaminated environments.

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