scholarly journals Respiratory virus deterrence induced by modified mask filter

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0257827
Author(s):  
Su-Hwa Lee ◽  
Ki-Back Chu ◽  
Hae-Ji Kang ◽  
Min-Ju Kim ◽  
Eun-Kyung Moon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Virus Infectivity ◽  
Bodyweight Loss ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Sodium Dihydrogen

Airborne transmission of infectious respiratory pathogens is a significant health hazard for the general public as well as healthcare professionals. Face masks have been frequently utilized as safety measures to limit the transmission of these infectious aerosolized particles. However, the efficacy of face masks in reducing respiratory virus infectivity and pathogenicity is unknown. Improving the effectiveness of masks in blocking viruses is urgently needed. In this study, surgical mask filters were modified by coating the filters with 1, 3, or 5 M of sodium dihydrogen phosphate, and subsequently exposed to the aerosolized respiratory influenza viruses (A/H3N2, A/H5N1) generated by a nebulizer set. Mask filter modification significantly reduced the size and counts of filter pores, which enabled entrapment of 40–60% of aerosolized viruses (captured viruses) with more than 90% of the captured viruses losing their infectivity. Upon contact with the coated mask filters, both the captured viruses and the viruses that managed to bypass the filter pore (passed viruses) were found to be inactivated. Passed viruses demonstrated significantly reduced pathogenicity in mice as indicated by significantly reduced lung virus titers, bodyweight loss, and prolonged survival compared to bare control. These findings highlight the potential of modified mask filters for reducing viral activity and pathogenicity, which contributes to improving facial mask efficacy as well as limiting airborne pathogen transmission.

The Effect of Phosphatic Composite on Magnesium Phosphate Cement Performance

2014 ◽  
Vol 809-810 ◽  
pp. 477-484
Author(s):  
Zhao Qing Qi ◽  
Hong Tao Wang ◽  
Jun Liang Dang ◽  
Shi Hao Zhang ◽  
Jian Hua Ding
Keyword(s):  
Setting Time ◽  
Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Magnesium Phosphate ◽  
Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Hydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Potassium Dihydrogen ◽  
Sodium Dihydrogen

The capacity of 10%, 30%, and 50% ammonium dihydrogen phosphate were replaced with an equal amount of three phosphate (potassium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate) respectively. Magnesium phosphate cement was made by phosphate of replaced, which strength, setting time, fluidity, hydration temperature, and the hydration products was researched. The results show that: MPC was made that replaced with the equal amount of three kind of phosphate, which has good mechanical properties. Setting time and fluidity change along with the replacment. Three kind of phosphate replace ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, which change the hydration process of MPC. When ammonium dihydrogen phosphate was replaced by an equal amount of disodium hydrogen phosphate, the temperature of hydration is only 69.4 °C. XRD showed that the diffraction peaks of composite’s magnesium phosphate cement increases.

scholarly journals OFAT versus DOE as two optimization protocols for the chromatographic analysis of some OTC pharmaceuticals carrying negative cardiovascular effects and administered by pregnant and breast-feeding females: Application to dose dependent effect

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Dina El Sherbiny ◽  
Mary E. K. Wahba
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Mobile Phase ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Face Centered ◽  
Comparison Of The Results ◽  
Sodium Dihydrogen

Abstract A simple HPLC technique has been utilized for rapid and sensitive quantitative analysis of two mixtures of drugs that are used during pregnancy and lactation. Drugs of the first mixture are used to manage gastrointestinal tract illness that are common during early stages of pregnancy, while pharmaceutical agents of the second mixture are administered over the counter as galactagogues or to overcome postpartum depression. Mixture I includes famotidine (FMT), ranitidine (RNT), nizatidine (NZT), and pantoprazole (PNT), which were separated on a C18 column using a mobile phase composed of methanol: 0.02 M sodium dihydrogen phosphate (60:40, v/v) of pH 6.9, adopting UV detection at 240 nm at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Mixture II on the other hand, consists of domperidone (DOM), metoclopramide (MET), and sulpiride (SUL). These drugs were eluted using the same column and flow rate as those in mixture I, using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile: 0.075 M sodium dihydrogen phosphate (30:70, v/v) of pH 6 adopting a detection wavelength 270 nm. Two optimization protocols were utilized to optimize the chromatographic separation conditions, namely one factor at a time (OFAT) and design of experiments (DOE) where face centered cube response surface experimental design was chosen for this investigation. Comparison of the results obtained from both protocols reveals the accordance between them. Full validation procedure under guidance of United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) was applied to the proposed methods which enabled their application to separate the drugs of both mixtures in spiked rat whole blood samples and in vivo analysis of rat heart blood.

Osmolarity of Human Serum and of Chemical Solutions of Biologic Importance

1961 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward B Hendry
Keyword(s):  
Human Serum ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Hydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Chemical Solutions ◽  
Sodium Dihydrogen

Abstract With the use of the Fiske Osmometer, the mean total osmolarity of normal human serum was found to be 289 mOsM (S.D., 4), which is equivalent to a mean freezing point of -0.537°. The isosmotic concentrations of some important biologic solutions were determined. It was also found that M/15 solutions of disodium hydrogen phosphate and of potassium dihydrogen phosphate are very hypotonic, and that 3.8% sodium citrate is hypertonic. Hemolysis of erythrocytes in isosmotic ammonium chloride solution can be considerably delayed by the addition of 3.0% glucose to the solution. Isosmotic concentrations of disodium hydrogen phosphate and sodium dihydrogen phosphate were precisely determined, as were pH levels of buffer solutions made from these two salts. The cause of the slight changes in osmolarity that occur when these two isosmotic solutions are mixed is discussed.

The Discharge Characteristics of PEO Films in K2ZrF6 with NaH2PO4 Electrolyte

2012 ◽  
Vol 577 ◽  
pp. 115-118
Author(s):  
Wen Fu ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Li Chen
Keyword(s):  
Oxidation Process ◽  
Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Discharge Characteristics ◽  
Effect Of Additives ◽  
Ceramic Films ◽  
Electrolytic Oxidation ◽  
Plasma Electrolytic ◽  
Different Content ◽  
Sodium Dihydrogen

The discharge characteristics of the potassium fluorozirconate electrolyte during plasma electrolytic oxidation process were investigated. Sodium dihydrogen phosphate was applied as additives. Ceramic films were prepared on magnesium alloy in electrolytes with different content additives under constant voltage. The effect of additives on the pH of the electrolyte and the dissolution of the substrate were investigated. It was found that the additives could influence the pH and dissolved magnesium ions effectively.

scholarly journals Medium Optimization for the Production of Fibrinolytic Enzyme byPaenibacillussp. IND8 Using Response Surface Methodology

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ponnuswamy Vijayaraghavan ◽  
Samuel Gnana Prakash Vincent
Keyword(s):  
Fold Increase ◽  
Fibrinolytic Enzyme ◽  
Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Fibrinolytic Enzymes ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
Full Factorial ◽  
Sodium Dihydrogen ◽  
Central Composite

Production of fibrinolytic enzyme by a newly isolatedPaenibacillussp. IND8 was optimized using wheat bran in solid state fermentation. A 25full factorial design (first-order model) was applied to elucidate the key factors as moisture, pH, sucrose, yeast extract, and sodium dihydrogen phosphate. Statistical analysis of the results has shown that moisture, sucrose, and sodium dihydrogen phosphate have the most significant effects on fibrinolytic enzymes production (P<0.05). Central composite design (CCD) was used to determine the optimal concentrations of these three components and the experimental results were fitted with a second-order polynomial model at 95% level (P<0.05). Overall, 4.5-fold increase in fibrinolytic enzyme production was achieved in the optimized medium as compared with the unoptimized medium.

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