An 18 kDa Scaffold Protein Is Critical for Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilm Formation

Staphylococcus epidermidis cleanroom strains are often exposed to sub-inhibitory concentrations of disinfectants, including didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC). Consequently, they can adapt or even become tolerant to them. RNA-sequencing was used to investigate adaptation and tolerance mechanisms of S. epidermidis cleanroom strains (SE11, SE18), with S. epidermidis SE11Ad adapted and S. epidermidis SE18To tolerant to DDAC. Adaptation to DDAC was identified with up-regulation of genes mainly involved in transport (thioredoxin reductase [pstS], the arsenic efflux pump [gene ID, SE0334], sugar phosphate antiporter [uhpT]), while down-regulation was seen for the Agr system (agrA, arC, agrD, psm, SE1543), for enhanced biofilm formation. Tolerance to DDAC revealed the up-regulation of genes associated with transporters (L-cysteine transport [tcyB]; uracil permease [SE0875]; multidrug transporter [lmrP]; arsenic efflux pump [arsB]); the down-regulation of genes involved in amino-acid biosynthesis (lysine [dapE]; histidine [hisA]; methionine [metC]), and an enzyme involved in peptidoglycan, and therefore cell wall modifications (alanine racemase [SE1079]). We show for the first time the differentially expressed genes in DDAC-adapted and DDAC-tolerant S. epidermidis strains, which highlight the complexity of the responses through the involvement of different mechanisms.

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A Single B-Repeat of Staphylococcus epidermidis Accumulation-Associated Protein Induces Protective Immune Responses in an Experimental Biomaterial-Associated Infection Mouse Model

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology ◽

10.1128/cvi.00306-14 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 21 (9) ◽

pp. 1206-1214 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Lin Yan ◽

Lei Zhang ◽

Hongyan Ma ◽

David Chiu ◽

James D. Bryers

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Porous Scaffold ◽

The United States ◽

Protein Vaccine ◽

Weight Changes ◽

Biofilm Inhibition ◽

Content Type ◽

Accumulation Associated Protein

ABSTRACTNosocomial infections are the fourth leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States, resulting in 2 million infections and ∼100,000 deaths each year. More than 60% of these infections are associated with some type of biomedical device.Staphylococcus epidermidisis a commensal bacterium of the human skin and is the most common nosocomial pathogen infecting implanted medical devices, especially those in the cardiovasculature.S. epidermidisantibiotic resistance and biofilm formation on inert surfaces make these infections hard to treat. Accumulation-associated protein (Aap), a cell wall-anchored protein ofS. epidermidis, is considered one of the most important proteins involved in the formation ofS. epidermidisbiofilm. A small recombinant protein vaccine comprising a single B-repeat domain (Brpt1.0) ofS. epidermidisRP62A Aap was developed, and the vaccine's efficacy was evaluatedin vitrowith a biofilm inhibition assay andin vivoin a murine model of biomaterial-associated infection. A high IgG antibody response againstS. epidermidisRP62A was detected in the sera of the mice after two subcutaneous immunizations with Brpt1.0 coadministered with Freund's adjuvant. Sera from Brpt1.0-immunized mice inhibitedin vitroS. epidermidisRP62A biofilm formation in a dose-dependent pattern. After receiving two immunizations, each mouse was surgically implanted with a porous scaffold disk containing 5 × 106CFU ofS. epidermidisRP62A. Weight changes, inflammatory markers, and histological assay results after challenge withS. epidermidisindicated that the mice immunized with Brpt1.0 exhibited significantly higher resistance toS. epidermidisRP62A implant infection than the control mice. Day 8 postchallenge, there was a significantly lower number of bacteria in scaffold sections and surrounding tissues and a lower residual inflammatory response to the infected scaffold disks for the Brpt1.0-immunized mice than for of the ovalbumin (Ova)-immunized mice.

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SCCmec-associated psm-mec mRNA promotes Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek ◽

10.1007/s10482-016-0741-2 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 109 (10) ◽

pp. 1403-1415

Author(s):

Yongchang Yang ◽

Xuemei Zhang ◽

Wenfang Huang ◽

Yibing Yin

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽

Biofilm Formation

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Anaerobic Conditions Induce Expression of Polysaccharide Intercellular Adhesin in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.69.6.4079-4085.2001 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 69 (6) ◽

pp. 4079-4085 ◽

Cited By ~ 222

Author(s):

Sarah E. Cramton ◽

Martina Ulrich ◽

Friedrich Götz ◽

Gerd Döring

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Extracellular Polysaccharide ◽

Growth Conditions ◽

Anaerobic Conditions ◽

Anaerobic Environment ◽

Specific Mrna

ABSTRACT Products of the intercellular adhesion (ica) operon in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis synthesize a linear β-1,6-linked glucosaminylglycan. This extracellular polysaccharide mediates bacterial cell-cell adhesion and is required for biofilm formation, which is thought to increase the virulence of both pathogens in association with prosthetic biomedical implants. The environmental signal(s) that triggers ica gene product and polysaccharide expression is unknown. Here we demonstrate that anaerobic in vitro growth conditions lead to increased polysaccharide expression in both S. aureus and S. epidermidis, although the regulation is less stringent inS. epidermidis. Anaerobiosis also dramatically stimulates ica-specific mRNA expression inica- and polysaccharide-positive strains of both S. aureus and S. epidermidis.These data suggest a mechanism whereby ica gene expression and polysaccharide production may act as a virulence factor in an anaerobic environment in vivo.

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Part 2: Effectiveness of a novel gentamicinpalmitate coating on biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis

International Journal of Nano and Biomaterials ◽

10.1504/ijnbm.2010.036111 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 107 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Klaus Dieter Kuhn ◽

Jorg Brunke

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽

Biofilm Formation

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Reduced susceptibility to vancomycin and biofilm formation in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from blood cultures

Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz ◽

10.1590/0074-0276140120 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 109 (7) ◽

pp. 871-878 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Luiza Pinheiro ◽

Carla Ivo Brito ◽

Valéria Cataneli Pereira ◽

Adilson de Oliveira ◽

Carlos Henrique Camargo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Blood Cultures ◽

Methicillin Resistant

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Biofilm-FormingStaphylococcus epidermidisExpressing Vancomycin Resistance Early after Adhesion to a Metal Surface

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2015/943056 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Toshiyuki Sakimura ◽

Shiro Kajiyama ◽

Shinji Adachi ◽

Ko Chiba ◽

Akihiko Yonekura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metal Surface ◽

Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Bacterial Count ◽

Fluorescence Staining ◽

Biofilm Growth ◽

Before And After ◽

Viable Bacteria ◽

Coverage Rates ◽

Resistance Expression

We investigated biofilm formation and time of vancomycin (VCM) resistance expression after adhesion to a metal surface inStaphylococcus epidermidis. Biofilm-formingStaphylococcus epidermidiswith a VCM MIC of 1 μg/mL was used. The bacteria were made to adhere to a stainless steel washer and treated with VCM at different times and concentrations. VCM was administered 0, 2, 4, and 8 hours after adhesion. The amount of biofilm formed was evaluated based on the biofilm coverage rates (BCRs) before and after VCM administration, bacterial viability in biofilm was visually observed using the fluorescence staining method, and the viable bacterial count in biofilm was measured. The VCM concentration required to decrease BCR significantly compared with that of VCM-untreated bacteria was 4 μg/mL, even in the 0 hr group. In the 4 and 8 hr groups, VCM could not inhibit biofilm growth even at 1,024 μg/mL. In the 8 hr group, viable bacteria remained in biofilm at a count of 104CFU even at a high VCM concentration (1,024 μg/mL). It was suggested that biofilm-formingStaphylococcus epidermidisexpresses resistance to VCM early after adhesion to a metal surface. Resistance increased over time after adhesion as the biofilm formed, and strong resistance was expressed 4–8 hours after adhesion.

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