scholarly journals EFFECTS OF ELEVATED TEMPERATURE ON THE MORTALITY AND METABOLISM OF PACIFIC REEF CORALS

1970 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 71-72
Author(s):  
Stephen L. Coles
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Reef Coral ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Temperature Adaptation ◽  
Critical Temperatures ◽  
Reef Corals ◽  
Annual Water ◽  
Physiological Tests ◽  
Upper Thermal Tolerance

The upper thermal tolerance limits of subtropical (Hawaiian) and tropical (Enewetak) reef corals were determined both in the field and under laboratory conditions. Enewetak corals routinely withstand temperatures up to 34°C whereas similar exposure time at 32°C kill their Hawaiian congeners. These differing upper thermal limits correspond to increases of + 4 - 5°C above the annual water temperature maxima at each location. Reef coral temperature tolerance is therefore closely adapted to the ambient ocean temperature conditions of a geographic location.Studies of temperature effect on reef coral photosynthesis (P) and respiration (R) also showed different patterns between locations. Same species shower greater autotrophic capability at elevated temperatures in Enewetak than Hawaii. Critical temperatures estimated as coinciding with P:R ratio values minimal to support long term functional autotrophy were 2-5°C higher for Enewetak than Hawaiian specimens, closely corresponding to observed differences in upper thermal tolerance. Results support a hypothesis of temperature adaptation capability for reef corals and suggest that short term physiological tests can predict relative differences in temperature tolerance among coral species.

Effects of Temperature on Growth and Survival of Young Brook Trout, Salvelinus fontinalis

1972 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 1107-1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Howard McCormick ◽  
Kenneth E. F. Hokanson ◽  
Bernard R. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Tolerance Limits ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Rates Of Growth ◽  
Upper Thermal Tolerance

Instantaneous rates of growth, mortality, and net biomass gain were determined for alevin through juvenile brook trout reared for 8 weeks at six constant temperatures: 7.1, 9.8, 12.4, 15.4, 17.9, and 19.5 C. Growth rates were maximum between 12.4 and 15.4 C. Mortality rates increased between 15.4 and 17.9 C and were maximum between 17.9 and 19.5 C. The net rates of biomass gain were maximum between 12.4 and 15.4 C.Median upper thermal tolerance limits (TL50 values) were determined for newly hatched and swim-up alevins. Tolerance did not increase in newly hatched alevins with acclimation to temperatures from 2.5 to 12 C. The upper 7-day TL50 for newly hatched alevins acclimated over this range of temperatures was 20.1 C. The swim-up alevins showed both an increase in temperature tolerance with acclimation temperatures between 7.5 and 12 C and an increase in tolerance over that of the newly hatched alevins at comparable acclimation temperatures. The ultimate 7-day TL50 of swim-up alevins was 24.5 C. Swim-up alevins exceed newly hatched alevins in thermal tolerance by 2.0–4.5 C, depending on the temperature of acclimation. The TL50 of newly hatched alevins of comparable acclimation (12 C) is reduced by about 2 C when the exposure time is increased from 1 to 7 days.

Cadmium-dependent oxygen limitation affects temperature tolerance in eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin)

2008 ◽  
Vol 294 (4) ◽  
pp. R1338-R1346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisela Lannig ◽  
Anton S. Cherkasov ◽  
Hans-O. Pörtner ◽  
Christian Bock ◽  
Inna M. Sokolova
Keyword(s):  
Crassostrea Virginica ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Oxygen Limitation ◽  
Cadmium Exposure ◽  
Effect Of Temperature

Marine ectotherms, including oysters are exposed to variable environmental conditions in coastal shallow waters and estuaries. In the light of global climate change, additional stressors like pollution might pose higher risk to populations. On the basis of the concept of oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance in aquatic ectotherms ( 40 ), we show that a persistent pollutant, cadmium, can have detrimental effects on oysters ( Crassostrea virginica). During acute warming from 20 to 28°C (4°C/48 h) standard metabolic rate (SMR) rose in control and cadmium-exposed (50 μg Cd2+/l) animals, with a consistently higher SMR in Cd-exposed oysters. Additionally, Cd-exposed oysters showed a stronger temperature-dependent decrease in hemolymph oxygen partial pressures. This observation indicates that the effect of temperature on aerobic metabolism was exacerbated due to the additional Cd stress. The oxygen delivery systems could not provide enough oxygen to cover Cd-induced elevated metabolic demands at high temperatures. Interestingly, cardiac performance (measured as the heart rate and hemolymph supply to tissues) rose to a similar extent in control and Cd-exposed oysters with warming indicating that cardiac output was unable to compensate for elevated energy demand in Cd-exposed oysters. Together with the literature data on metal-induced reduction of ventilatory capacity, these findings suggest that synergistic effects of elevated temperatures and cadmium exposure led to oxygen limitation by impaired performance in oxygen supply through ventilation and circulation. Overall, cadmium exposure resulted in progressive hypoxemia in oysters at high temperatures, suggesting that the thermal tolerance window is narrowed in marine ectotherms inhabiting polluted areas compared with pristine environments.

scholarly journals Variation in upper thermal tolerance among 19 species from temperate wetlands

2021 ◽  
Vol 96 ◽  
pp. 102856
Author(s):  
Marco Katzenberger ◽  
Helder Duarte ◽  
Rick Relyea ◽  
Juan Francisco Beltrán ◽  
Miguel Tejedo
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Temperate Wetlands ◽  
Upper Thermal Tolerance

Late-stage pregnancy reduces upper thermal tolerance in a live-bearing fish

2021 ◽  
pp. 103022
Author(s):  
Sonya K. Auer ◽  
Emily Agreda ◽  
Angela Chen ◽  
Madiha Irshad ◽  
Julia Solowey
Keyword(s):  
Late Stage ◽  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Upper Thermal Tolerance

Pressure and Temperature Adaptation of Cytosolic Malate Dehydrogenases of Shallowand Deep-Living Marine Invertebrates: Evidence for High Body Temperatures in Hydrothermal Vent Animals

1991 ◽  
Vol 159 (1) ◽  
pp. 473-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELIZABETH DAHLHOFF ◽  
GEORGE N. SOMERO
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Hydrothermal Vents ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Pressure Effects ◽  
Temperature Adaptation ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Elevated Pressures

Effects of temperature and hydrostatic pressure were measured on cytosolic malate dehydrogenases (cMDHs) from muscle tissue of a variety of shallow- and deep-living benthic marine invertebrates, including seven species endemic to the deep-sea hydrothermal vents. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) of coenzyme (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADH), used to index temperature and pressure effects, was conserved within a narrow range (approximately 15–25 μmoll−1) at physiological temperatures and pressures for all species. However, at elevated pressures, the Km of NADH rose sharply for cMDHs of shallow species (depths of occurrence >Approximately 500 m), but not for the cMDHs of deep-sea species. Cytosolic MDHs of invertebrates from the deep-sea hydrothermal vents generally were not perturbed by elevated temperatures (15–25°C) at in situ pressures, but cMDHs of cold-adapted deep-sea species were. At a single measurement temperature, the Km of NADH for cMDHs from invertebrates from habitats with well-characterized temperatures was inversely related to maximal sustained body temperature. This correlation was used to predict the maximal sustained body temperatures of vent invertebrates for which maximal habitat and body temperatures are difficult to estimate. Species occurring on the ‘smoker chimneys’, which emit waters with temperatures up to 380°C, are predicted to have sustained body temperatures that are approximately 20–25°C higher than vent species living in cooler vent microhabitats. We conclude that, just as adaptation of enzymes to elevated pressures is important in establishing species’ depth distribution patterns, adaptation of pressure-adapted enzymes to temperature is critical in enabling certain vent species to exploit warm-water microhabitats in the vent environment.

scholarly journals Thermal tolerance of the zoea I stage of four Neotropical crab species (Crustacea: Decapoda)

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Adriana P. Rebolledo ◽  
Rachel Collin
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Crab Species ◽  
Marine Habitat ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Carry Over

. Although larval stages are often considered particularly vulnerable to stressors, for many marine invertebrates studies of thermal tolerance have focused on adults. Here we determined the upper thermal limit (LT50) of the zoea I of four Caribbean crab species (Macrocoelomatrispinosum, Aratuspisonii, Armasesricordi, and Minucarapax) and compared their thermal tolerance over time and among species. The zoea from the subtidal species M.trispinosum and tree climbing mangrove species A.pisonii had a lower thermal tolerance, 35 and 38.5 °C respectively, than did the semiterrestrial A.ricordi and M.rapax. In all four species tested, the estimates of thermal tolerance depend on the duration of exposure to elevated temperatures. Longer exposures to thermal stress produce lower estimates of LT50, which decreased by ~1 °C from a two- to a six-hour exposure. Crab embryos develop on the abdomen of the mother until the larvae are ready to hatch. Therefore, the thermal tolerances of the embryos which need to coincide with the environmental conditions experienced by the adult stage, may carry over into the early zoea stage. Our results suggest that semiterrestrial species, in which embryos may need to withstand higher temperatures than embryos of subtidal species also produce larvae with higher thermal tolerances. Over the short term, the larvae of these tropical crab species can withstand significantly higher temperatures than those experienced in their marine habitat. Longer term rearing studies are necessary to determine the temperature at which chronic exposure has a negative impact on embryonic and larval survival.

scholarly journals Intraspecific variation in thermal tolerance differs between tropical and temperate fishes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. H. Nati ◽  
M. B. S. Svendsen ◽  
S. Marras ◽  
S. S. Killen ◽  
J. F. Steffensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Intraspecific Variation ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Temperate Species ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Upper Thermal Tolerance

AbstractHow ectothermic animals will cope with global warming is a critical determinant of the ecological impacts of climate change. There has been extensive study of upper thermal tolerance limits among fish species but how intraspecific variation in tolerance may be affected by habitat characteristics and evolutionary history has not been considered. Intraspecific variation is a primary determinant of species vulnerability to climate change, with implications for global patterns of impacts of ongoing warming. Using published critical thermal maximum (CTmax) data on 203 fish species, we found that intraspecific variation in upper thermal tolerance varies according to a species’ latitude and evolutionary history. Overall, tropical species show a lower intraspecific variation in thermal tolerance than temperate species. Notably, freshwater tropical species have a lower variation in tolerance than freshwater temperate species, which implies increased vulnerability to impacts of thermal stress. The extent of variation in CTmax among fish species has a strong phylogenetic signal, which may indicate a constraint on evolvability to rising temperatures in tropical fishes. That is, in addition to living closer to their upper thermal limits, tropical species may have higher sensitivity and lower adaptability to global warming compared to temperate counterparts. This is evidence that freshwater tropical fish communities, worldwide, are especially vulnerable to ongoing climate change.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF SOME PESTICIDES ON REEF CORALS

1970 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 69-70
Author(s):  
Austin E. Lamberts
Keyword(s):  
Reef Coral ◽  
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons ◽  
In Vitro Studies ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Reef Corals ◽  
Stress Effects ◽  
Skeletal Calcium

While investigating a reef coral kill in Samoa it was speculated that this might have been due to contamination by some chemical. Subsequently, scleractinian reef corals were tested to assess their reactions to 12 commonly used pesticides and toxic substances. The chlorinated-hydrocarbons such as DDT and Endrin produced stress effects in corals subjected to 2ppm for 24 hours in in-vitro studies although the corals continued to deposit skeletal calcium. In-vivo tank experiments suggested that small amounts of these substances in seawater stimulated the corals to deposit skeletal calcium. Other pesticides were much less toxic to the corals.

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