scholarly journals Community structure and condition of seagrass meadows in Ayau Islands, Raja Ampat Regency

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-24
Author(s):  
Andri Irawan ◽  
Muhammad Hafizt ◽  
Udhi Eko Hernawan
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Water Clarity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Thalassia Hemprichii ◽  
Seagrass Meadows ◽  
Halophila Ovalis ◽  
Seagrass Cover ◽  
Baseline Information

Seagrass meadows are an important component of coastal ecosystems, providing many ecosystem services beneficial for human well-being. Basic information about seagrass meadows in Indonesia is relatively limited, particularly in the eastern part of Indonesia, such as the remote Ayau Islands in Raja Ampat. In this paper, we reported the community structure and condition of seagrass meadows in Ayau Islands surveyed during Nusa Manggala Expedition in November 2018. We conducted the seagrass survey using quadrat transect method at five locations, i.e. Reni, Rutum, Abidon, Kanober, and Dorehkar. In the survey, we assessed parameters of community structure, including habitat extent, species composition, seagrass cover, seagrass density, macroalgae and epiphyte cover. We also recorded environmental parameters, i.e. substrate types, water clarity, salinity, water temperature, and nutrient (phosphate and nitrate). Our study showed that seagrass meadows in Ayau Islands are multispecies meadows, composed of two to five species. In overall, five species recorded in Ayau Islands are Cymodocea rotundata, Enhalus acoroides, Halodule pinifolia, Halophila ovalis, and Thalassia hemprichii. The most common species is T. hemprichii as it can be found in all locations. Meadows in Reni, Rutum, and Dorehkar are in a healthy condition, while in Abidon and Kanober are in less healthy condition. This information is of significance as baseline information needed for seagrass conservation planning.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN KEPADATAN TERIPANG (HOLOTHUROIDEA) DENGAN KERAPATAN LAMUN DI PERAIRAN PULAU BUNTAL-TELUK KOTANIA, KABUPATEN SERAM BAGIAN BARAT

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-96
Author(s):  
Salahuddin Bachmid ◽  
Laura Siahainenia ◽  
Charlotha I Tupan
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Community Structure ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Thalassia Hemprichii ◽  
Seagrass Ecosystem ◽  
Seagrass Cover

Buntal island has rich potency of both seagrass and sea cucumber. Seagrass ecosystem is the habitat of one among the economic valued biota, sea cucumber. The purpose of the research are: 1) to know the environmental condition; 2) to know the seagrass condition; 3) to know the community structure of the sea cucumber; 4) to know the spatial distribution of sea cucumber in the seagrass ecosystem; and 5) to analyze the relation of  the density of sea cucumber  and the density of seagrass in the waters of Buntal island-Kotania Bay, West Seram Regency. The sample are taken systematically using Belt Transect. The research is located in 2 observation stations where each station is determines into 3 zones. Seagrass condition is analyzed consist of density, frequency of presence and percentage of seagrass cover. The community structure of sea cucumber includes the density and frequency of presence. Spatial distribution mapping on the sea grass ecosystem is using ArcGIS application. The simple linear regression analysis and Pearson correlation are used to analyze the relation between the density of the sea cucumber and the density of the seagrass. The result of the research shows that the whole environmental parameters on the waters of Buntal Island support the existence of both the seagrass and the sea cucumber. The research finds 5 varieties of seagrass and 11 varieties of sea cucumber. Thalassia hemprichii is the seagrass variety that dominates the ecosystem while Holothuria leucospilota and H. atra are the varieties of sea cucumber with high density on Buntal Island waters. The healthy seagrass condition (well covered) is found in station 1 and bad health condition (worse covered) is found in station 2. The relation between the density of sea cucumber and the density of seagrass on the waters of Buntal Island, it is concludes that there is a high relation where the higher the density of seagrass the higher the density of the sea cucumber.   ABSTRAK Pulau buntal memiliki potensi sumberdaya lamun maupun teripang yang melimpah. Ekosistem lamun sebagai habitat bagi sumberdaya teripang yang merupakan salah satu biota berekonomis penting. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: 1) mengetahui kondisi lingkungan; 2) mengetahui kondisi lamun; 3) mengetahui struktur komunitas teripang; 4) mengetahui distribusi spasial teripang pada ekosistem lamun; 5) menganalisis hubungan kepadatan teripang dengan kerapatan lamun di perairan Pulau Buntal-Teluk Kotania, Kabupaten Seram Bagian Barat. Pengambilan sampel lamun dan teripang dilakukan secara sistematik menggunakan metode Belt Transek. Lokasi penelitian  terdiri dari 2 stasiun pengamatan dan setiap stasiun terbagi menjadi 3 zona. Kondisi lamun yang dianalisis meliputi kerapatan, frekuensi kehadiran dan persentase tutupan lamun. Struktur komunitas teripang meliputi kepadatan dan frekuensi kehadiran. Peta distribusi spasial teripang pada ekosistem lamun menggunakan aplikasi ArcGIS. Analisis regresi linear sederhana dan korelasi pearson untuk melihat pengaruh serta hubungan kepadatan teripang dengan kerapatan lamun. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa sacara keseluruhan parameter lingkungan di perairan Pulau Buntal sangat mendukung untuk kehidupan sumberdaya lamun maupun teripang. Ditemukannya lima jenis lamun dan 11 jenis teripang. Thalassia hemprichii merupakan jenis lamun yang sangat mendominasi pada komunitas lamun di perairan Pulau buntal. Jenis teripang Holothuria leucospilota dan H. atra memiliki nilai kepadatan yang tinggi pada perairan pulau Buntal. Dengan kondisi lamun sehat (tutupan baik) pada stasiun 1 dan tidak sehat (tutupan rusak) pada stasiun 2. Hubungan kepadatan teripang dengan kerapatan lamun pada Perairan Pulau Buntal dapat disimpulkan terdapat hubungan yang tinggi sehingga semakin tinggi kerapatan lamun akan diikuti oleh tingginya kepadatan teripang.   Kata Kunci: Lamun, teripang, kepadatan, ekosistem lamun, Pulau Buntal

scholarly journals SIMPANAN KARBON PADANG LAMUN DI KAWASAN PANTAI SANUR, KOTA DENPASAR

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoga Ibnu Graha ◽  
I Wayan Arthana ◽  
I Wayan Gede Astawa Karang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Thalassia Hemprichii ◽  
Bottom Substrate ◽  
Total Potential ◽  
Halophila Ovalis ◽  
Seagrass Biomass

Seagrass is one of the marine resources that considerably potential as a CO2 absorbent and functioned as carbon sinks in the oceans known as blue carbon. The result of carbon sequestration from the process of photosynthesis is stored as carbon stocks on seagrass tissue, or streamed to multiple compartments, such as sediment, herbivores and other ecosystems. This study aims to assess the potential for carbon stock storage in biomass on a tissue of seagrass in Sanur Beach coastal area. The observations of seagrass are included the seagrass type, seagrass stands, and measurement of environmental parameters. Then the sampling was conducted to obtain the value of seagrass biomass. The carbon stocks obtained through the conversion of biomass by using carbon concentration analysis of seagrass tissue and then carried a spatial distribution of carbon stocks. Types of seagrass found in Sanur Beach coastal area consist of eight species that are Enhalus acroides, Thalassia hemprichii, Halophila ovalis, Syringodium isoetifolium, Cymodocea serrulata, Cymodocea rotundata, Halodule uninervis and Halodule pinifolia. The result of the carbon stock seagrass in the bottom substrate is 60% greater than the carbon stock in the top substrate which is 40%. Seagrass covering 322 ha of Sanur Beach coastal area with a total potential carbon storage of 66.60 tons or 0.21 tons / ha. Seagrass key role as a carbon storage is on the bottom substrate tissue, and Enhalus acroides is a seagrass species that contributes the most to the carbon storage.

Mapping seagrass cost-effectively in the Coral Triangle: Sabah, Malaysia as a case study

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leela Rajamani ◽  
Helene Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Coral Triangle ◽  
Thalassia Hemprichii ◽  
Seagrass Meadows ◽  
Green Turtles ◽  
Halophila Ovalis ◽  
Seagrass Mapping ◽  
Cymodocea Rotundata ◽  
Syringodium Isoetifolium

Knowledge of the distribution and relative abundance of seagrass communities in the Coral Triangle is limited, despite their global significance and the vital ecosystem services they perform for local human populations, threatened species such as dugongs and green turtles, as well as the role of being a globally significant carbon stock. To address this gap and investigate cost-effective methods in data-poor regions, we conducted seagrass mapping near two islands off the coast of Sabah in Malaysia: Banggi Island (7°15′N, 117°12′E) and Mantanani Island (6°43′N, 116°21′E). We used a staged approach that included: (1) interview surveys, (2) manta tow and spot surveys, and (3) comprehensive transect surveys. Approximately 415 ha and 112 ha of seagrass meadows were mapped off Banggi Island and Mantanani Island respectively. We found 10 species of seagrasses from two families: Halophila ovalis, Halodule uninervis (broad and thin leaf varieties), Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea rotundata, Halophila decipiens, Halophila spinulosa, Cymodocea serrulata, Syringodium isoetifolium, Enhalus acoroides and Halophila sp. nov. Our methodology proved cost-effective and the resultant information should be relevant to conservation planners.

scholarly journals Community Structure of Seagrass Meadows In Mantehage Island Waters, North Sulawesi

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 177
Author(s):  
Simon I Patty ◽  
Husen Rifai
Keyword(s):  
Diversity Index ◽  
Seagrass Species ◽  
Thalassia Hemprichii ◽  
Seagrass Meadows ◽  
North Sulawesi ◽  
Halophila Ovalis ◽  
Cymodocea Rotundata ◽  
Syringodium Isoetifolium ◽  
Species Composition And Distribution ◽  
Thalassodendron Ciliatum

Research on the structure of seagrass communities in the waters of the island Mantehage was conducted in September 2010. The purpose of this study is to collect data and information on the structure of seagrass communities. Observations includes the identification seagrass species, measuring the number of individual/stand, cover percentage of each type/species on the transect. 6 types of seagrass found, i.e. Enhalus acoroides, Halophila ovalis, Thalassia hemprichii, Thalassodendron ciliatum, Cymodocea rotundata and Syringodium isoetifolium. Seagrass species composition and distribution varies at each location and is dominated by the presence of Thalassia hemprichii (48.14%) with coverage percentage ranges between 15.91% to 35.11%. Diversity index values ranged from 0.79 to 1.69 ; evenness index between 0.57 to 0.94 and the index of dominance between 0.20 to 0.56. In conclusion, the condition of seagrass meadows in Mantehage island is relatively good and can support marine life adequately.Keywords : Structure communities, seagrass, Mantehage Island

scholarly journals Local Victory: Assessing Interspecific Competition in Seagrass From a Trait-Based Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agustín Moreira-Saporiti ◽  
Sonia Bejarano ◽  
Inés G. Viana ◽  
Elizabeth Fay Belshe ◽  
Matern S. P. Mtolera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resource Competition ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Maximum Length ◽  
Competitive Interactions ◽  
Size Difference ◽  
Seagrass Species ◽  
Thalassia Hemprichii ◽  
Functional Strategy ◽  
Seagrass Meadows ◽  
Halophila Ovalis

Tropical seagrass meadows are formed by an array of seagrass species that share the same space. Species sharing the same plot are competing for resources, namely light and inorganic nutrients, which results in the capacity of some species to preempt space from others. However, the drivers behind seagrass species competition are not completely understood. In this work, we studied the competitive interactions among tropical seagrass species of Unguja Island (Zanzibar, Tanzania) using a trait-based approach. We quantified the abundance of eight seagrass species under different trophic states, and selected nine traits related to light and inorganic nutrient preemption to characterize the functional strategy of the species (leaf maximum length and width, leaves per shoot, leaf mass area, vertical rhizome length, shoots per meter of ramet, rhizome diameter, roots per meter of ramet, and root maximum length). From the seagrass abundance we calculated the probability of space preemption between pairs of seagrass species and for each individual seagrass species under the different trophic states. Species had different probabilities of space preemption, with the climax species Thalassodendron ciliatum, Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, and the opportunistic Cymodocea serrulata having the highest probability of preemption, while the pioneer and opportunistic species Halophila ovalis, Syringodium isoetifolium, Halodule uninervis, and Cymodocea rotundata had the lowest. Traits determining the functional strategy showed that there was a size gradient across species. For two co-occurring seagrass species, probability of preemption was the highest for the larger species, it increased as the size difference between species increased and was unaffected by the trophic state. Competitive interactions among seagrass species were asymmetrical, i.e., negative effects were not reciprocal, and the driver behind space preemption was determined by plant size. Seagrass space preemption is a consequence of resource competition, and the probability of a species to exert preemption can be calculated using a trait-based approach.

DENSITY AND THE COVERAGE OF SEAGRASS ECOSYSTEM IN BAHOI VILLAGE COASTAL WATERS, NOTRH SULAWESI

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 375-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muh. Fahruddin ◽  
Fredinan Yulianda ◽  
Isdradjad Setyobudiandi
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Seagrass Species ◽  
Reef Habitat ◽  
Thalassia Hemprichii ◽  
Halophila Ovalis ◽  
Seagrass Ecosystem ◽  
Seagrass Cover ◽  
Cymodocea Rotundata ◽  
Syringodium Isoetifolium ◽  
Coral Reef Habitat

Physical seagrass ecosystem damage have been reported in various regions in Indonesia. Seagrass ecosystem damage is caused by human activity such as trampling seagrass and boats that muddy the waters and reduced the density and seagrass cover. This study aims to provide information about the density and the coverage of seagrass. The method used in this research is the transect method measuring 50x50 cm squared at three different locations by considering coastal ecosystems Bahoi village that already exist. Station 1 is near to mangrove habitat, station 2 is right on seagrass habitats, and station 3 is near to coral reef habitat. The results indicated there is six seagrass species that found in the Bahoi village which is Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea rotundata, Syringodium isoetifolium, Halophila ovalis, and Halodule uninervis. The density and seagrass cover is shows that the station 1 has the highest density and seagrass cover percentage compared with the other stations. The highest density of seagrass species located in station 1 with 955 individuals/m2, and the lowest was located at station 3 with 699 individuals/m2. While the highest cover percentage is located at station 1 with 270% and the lowest located at station 3 with 229%. Keyword: seagrass ecosystem, density, coverage, Bahoi

scholarly journals Kajian Kondisi Lamun Pada Perairan Pantai Waemulang Kabupaten Buru Selatan

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Efraim Samson Samson ◽  
Daniati Kasale ◽  
Deli Wakano
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Vegetation Structure ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Seagrass Species ◽  
Thalassia Hemprichii ◽  
Enhalus Acoroides ◽  
Halophila Ovalis ◽  
A Value ◽  
Cymodocea Rotundata

Research of seagrass vegetation structure has been carried out in Waemulang Coastal Waters, South of Buru Regency. This explorative study uses a linear quadrate transect method with 13 transect lines that are mounted perpendicular to the coastline, starting from the highest tide to the lowest tide. The results showed mixed vegetation types with species composition consisting of 5 seagrass species, namely: Enhalus ocoroides, Halophila ovalis, Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea serrulata and Cymodocea rotundata, which are members of 2 orders, 2 families, and 4 genera of seagrasses. The species that are most commonly found and have a value of density, relative density, frequency type, relative frequency, percentage of cover, relative closure, and index of important value which is higher, namely Enhalus acoroides, while the lowest, namely Halophila ovalis. In addition, the diversity index of seagrass species is 1,493, or belongs to medium category and the dominance index of seagrass species is 0.239, or there is no dominance of species. It can be concluded that the seagrass vegetation structure in Waemulang Coastal Waters is still relatively stable and Enhalus acoroides is the most influential seagrass species in the growing community. Environmental parameters are very supportive for seagrass growth in this area.

scholarly journals ANALISIS HUBUNGAN JARAK DAN KEDALAMAN DENGAN STRUKTUR KOMUNITAS LAMUN DI PANTAI PANCURAN, KEPULAUAN KARIMUNJAWA

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 352-360
Author(s):  
Muhammad Gaffar Ridho ◽  
Supriharyono Supriharyono ◽  
Arif Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Sediment Characteristics ◽  
Thalassia Hemprichii ◽  
Enhalus Acoroides ◽  
Seagrass Community ◽  
Halophila Ovalis ◽  
Cymodocea Rotundata ◽  
Syringodium Isoetifolium ◽  
Index Of Diversity

Pantai Pancuran adalah salah satu lokasi konservasi padang lamun di Taman Nasional Karimunjawa dengan vegetasi padang lamun. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan April 2018 dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan jarak dan kedalaman dengan struktur komunitas lamun yang meliputi kerapatan dan indeks keanekaragamannya. Materi yang digunakan adalah lamun, dengan menggunakan metode deskripsi eksploratif yang bersifat observasi dengan objek yang diteliti di lapangan. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan kuadran transek ukuran 1x1 meter yang tersebar di 3 stasiun berdasarkan jarak dan kedalaman serta terdapat 6 plot pada setiap stasiunnya. Parameter lingkungan yang diamati meliputi jarak dan kedalaman, nitrat dan fosfat sedimen, salinitas, suhu, derajat keasaman (pH), kecerahan, kecepatan arus, pasang surut, dan karakteristik sedimen. Hubungan jarak dan kedalaman dengan struktur komunitas lamun diproses menggunakan analisis regresi dan korelasi. Hasil penelitian ini didapatkan 6 jenis lamun yaitu Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea rotundata, Halophila ovalis, Syringodium isoetifolium, Enhalus acoroides, dan Halodule pinifolia. Karakteristik sedimen didominasi oleh pasir halus sebanyak 34,960 %. Korelasi jarak dan kedalaman dengan struktur komunitas lamun diperoleh nilai                 (r = -0,717) pada kerapatan dan ( r = 0,894) pada indeks keanekaragaman.                  Pancuran Beach is one of the seagrass conservation areas in Karimunjawa National Park. This study was conducted in April 2018, in order to investigate the relation of distance and depth on the structure of seagrass community which included the density and index of diversity. The method used in this study is seagrass, using explorative description method that is observation to the object study in the field. The sampling technique uses a 1x1 meter transect quadrant spread over 3 stations based on distance and depth with includes 6 plots at each station. Environmental parameters observed include distance and depth, sediment of nitrate and phosphate, salinity, temperature, acidity (pH), brightness, current velocity, tides, and sediment characteristics. The relationship between distance and depth on the structure of seagrass community processed by regression and correlation analysis . The results of the study found 6 types of seagrass, there were Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea rotundata, Halophila ovalis, Syringodium isoetifolium, Enhalus acoroides, and Halodule pinifolia. Sediment characteristics were dominated is fine sand of 34.960%. The correlation of distance and depth on the structure of seagrass community resulted a value (r = -0,717) for density and  (r = 0,894) for index of diversity. 

The effect of causeway construction on seagrass meadows in the Western Pacific ? a lesson from the ancient city of Nan Madol, Madolenihmw, Pohnpei, FSM

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rob Coles ◽  
Lel McKenzie ◽  
Stuart Campbell ◽  
Rudi Yoshida ◽  
Ahser Edward ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Algal Species ◽  
Seagrass Species ◽  
Thalassia Hemprichii ◽  
Seagrass Meadows ◽  
Seaward Side ◽  
Algal Abundance ◽  
Seagrass Cover ◽  
Faunal Communities ◽  
Cymodocea Rotundata ◽  
Holothuria Atra

Two seagrass meadow sites were chosen at Nan Madal adjacent to the now permeable remnants of an ancient causeway constructed 500 to 700 years ago: one immedlately on the shoreward side of the causeway, and one immediately on the seaward side. The shoreward site had greater seagrass cover, canopy height, algal abundance, and epiphyte abundance and lower species diversity (both seagrass and macro-algae), as well as muddier sediments than the seaward site. The abundance of associated fauna did not appear to differ between sites, although the composition of the faunal communities was different. On the seaward site, average epiphyte cover was less than onetenth the epiphyte cover of that on the shoreward side. Halimeda species were the most common algae on the seaward side, while on the shoreward side Hypnea species were dominant. Cymodocea rotundata was the dominant seagrass species (54% of seagrass cover) on the seaward site, but was absent on the shoreward site, which was dominated by Thalassia hemprichii (84%) and Enhalus acoroides (16%). There was no difference in salinity between the two sites. Sediments had a higher proportion of fine mud shoreward. The beche-de-mer, Holothuria atra, was common on the seaward side of the causeway, but not on the shoreward side. The causeway is open to water flow at all tide heights and does not appear to influence water height in any way. The effects of even this simple permeable barrier on seagrass meadows are evident and include differences in seagrass species, algal species, and fauna. We discuss the management lesson from this historic location for present-day Pacific island causeway developments.

scholarly journals Microbial and nutrient dynamics in mangrove, reef, and seagrass waters over tidal and diurnal time scales

2020 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 101-119
Author(s):  
CC Becker ◽  
L Weber ◽  
JJ Suca ◽  
JK Llopiz ◽  
TA Mooney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Microbial Community Structure ◽  
Nutrient Dynamics ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Microbial Dynamics ◽  
Seagrass Meadows ◽  
Tidal Cycles

In coral reefs and adjacent seagrass meadow and mangrove environments, short temporal scales (i.e. tidal, diurnal) may have important influences on ecosystem processes and community structure, but these scales are rarely investigated. This study examines how tidal and diurnal forcings influence pelagic microorganisms and nutrient dynamics in 3 important and adjacent coastal biomes: mangroves, coral reefs, and seagrass meadows. We sampled for microbial (Bacteria and Archaea) community composition, cell abundances and environmental parameters at 9 coastal sites on St. John, US Virgin Islands that spanned 4 km in distance (4 coral reefs, 2 seagrass meadows and 3 mangrove locations within 2 larger bays). Eight samplings occurred over a 48 h period, capturing day and night microbial dynamics over 2 tidal cycles. The seagrass and reef biomes exhibited relatively consistent environmental conditions and microbial community structure but were dominated by shifts in picocyanobacterial abundances that were most likely attributed to diel dynamics. In contrast, mangrove ecosystems exhibited substantial daily shifts in environmental parameters, heterotrophic cell abundances and microbial community structure that were consistent with the tidal cycle. Differential abundance analysis of mangrove-associated microorganisms revealed enrichment of pelagic oligotrophic taxa during high tide and enrichment of putative sediment-associated microbes during low tide. Our study underpins the importance of tidal and diurnal time scales in structuring coastal microbial and nutrient dynamics, with diel and tidal cycles contributing to a highly dynamic microbial environment in mangroves, and time of day likely contributing to microbial dynamics in seagrass and reef biomes.

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