Price Stabilisation, and Income Support Measures in Agriculture in the U. S., Canada, EEC and Australia: Lessons and Implications for the Regulation of International Commodity Trade

1977 ◽  
pp. 72-128
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Income Support ◽  
Commodity Trade ◽  
International Commodity ◽  
Support Measures ◽  
Price Stabilisation

scholarly journals Policy-related transaction costs of agricultural policies in Finland

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 193 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. OLLIKAINEN ◽  
J. LANKOSKI ◽  
S. NUUTINEN
Keyword(s):  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Income Support ◽  
Agricultural Policies ◽  
Buffer Zones ◽  
Support Measures ◽  
Environmental Measures ◽  
Related Transaction ◽  
Environmental Programme

This paper assesses policy-related transaction costs (PRTC) associated with the main agricultural and agri-environmental policy instruments in Finland. We find that area-based income support measures entail low transaction costs as expressed in percent of payments, not only in Finland but also in other European countries. Moreover, transaction costs in the Finnish agri-environmental programme are surprisingly low. Within the agri-environmental programme, transaction costs increase with more targeted and differentiated agri-environmental measures. For the basic mandatory measures, these costs are even lower than the transaction costs for the area-based income support measures. What regards the most differentiated policy measures such as conservation of special biotopes or establishment of riparian buffer zones, transaction costs increase considerably. Combining these findings with the actual targets of the Finnish agricultural policies provides indirect evidence about the impacts of policy instruments and the efficiency of administration in implementing the instruments. For area-based income support measures, the Finnish administration seems to work very efficiently. For water protection targets, enforcement and division of labour within the administration seem to be insufficient.;

Economic and Social Council

1956 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-166
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Commodity Trade ◽  
International Commodity ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Social Council ◽  
The Status ◽  
20Th Session ◽  
Regular Session ◽  
Narcotic Drugs

The first part of the 20th session of the Economic and Social Council was held in Geneva from July 5 through August 5,1955; Sir Douglas Copland (Australia) continued as president of the Council. The second part of the 20th session was scheduled to take place during or shortly after the tenth regular session of the General Assembly. At the opening meeting a discussion was held on adoption of the sessional agenda;1 a proposal by the United Kingdom delegate that a coordination committee be established to deal with matters of detail that might arise under item four of the agenda, general review of the development and coordination of the economic, social and human rights programs and activities of the UN and the specialized agencies as a whole, was adopted. The United Kingdom representative also proposed that consideration of 1) the status and functions of the Interim Coordinating Committee for International Commodity Arrangements and 2) the status and functions of the Commission on International Commodity Trade be postponed until the 21st session; the proposal was adopted by a vote of 10 to 5 with 3 abstentions. Also at its opening meeting the Council agreed it would decide at a later meeting whether or not to include in the provisional agenda the question of Spain becoming a party to the protocols of 1946 and 1948 on narcotic drugs. The agenda, as amended, was adopted unanimously, and fifteen of the nineteen agenda items were discussed at the first part of the session.

Foreign trade relations of the European Union against the background of increasing turbulence (results 2019, on the threshold of 2020)

2020 ◽  
pp. 52-66
Author(s):  
I. Gladkov
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Commodity Trade ◽  
International Commodity ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Noticeable Increase ◽  
The World ◽  
Expert Forecasts ◽  
The Eu

The article analyzes the current changes that have occurred over the past five years in the dynamics, geographical and commodity structure of foreign trade relations of the European Union (the EU) as the largest collective entity in the system of modern international commodity trade. The EU was able to maintain its dominant position in the world commodity exchange quite effectively, despite the increase in a number of adverse external factors, such as General "turbulence", the expansion of the zone of protectionist and sanctions measures, and trade conflicts in international commodity trade. The worldwide spread of a new viral infection in early 2020 also made a significant contribution to the noticeable increase in tension in the world economy. This process has acted as a so-called "black Swan", that is, a kind of catalyst that contributes to the approach of the next General cyclical crisis, which was expected by experts of the largest international structures in 2019. It is worth noting that the scale of this challenge has yet to be assessed, since the latest expert forecasts suggest a much more modest reduction in the main indicators of world economic evolution. The author provides up-to-date statistical materials and numerous calculation data that are being introduced into the domestic scientific circulation for the first time.

Spreading Work and Supporting Incomes

2021 ◽  
pp. 125-148
Author(s):  
Cynthia Estlund
Keyword(s):  
Work Life ◽  
Free Time ◽  
Work Life Balance ◽  
Income Support ◽  
Life Balance ◽  
Support Measures ◽  
Human Labor ◽  
Healthy Work

Chapter 7 focuses chiefly on the project of work spreading—that is, shifting work from those with too much of it toward those with too little of it. The overall aim is to spread the benefits of both work and free time through a more equitable and healthy work-life balance across the society. Some work spreading can be accomplished by supporting workers’ own choices to work less; other work-spreading techniques will be more challenging and controversial, like those that take aim at the long-hours culture of many high-end workplaces. Work spreading needs to be coupled with income-support measures, which are briefly addressed here. But work spreading is the linchpin of mitigating the losses (in work and income) and spreading the gains (in free time) of a future in which machines gradually supplant human labor in a growing range of tasks.

scholarly journals Foreign Trade of the European Union : Dominant Fluctuations

2019 ◽  
pp. 34-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. S. Gladkov
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
Trade Association ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Commodity Trade ◽  
International Commodity ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Positive Balance ◽  
The Eu

The article analyzes the most important changes that have taken place over the past five years in the dynamics and geographical structure of foreign trade relations of the European Union (EU) as the largest entity in the system of modern international commodity trade. It is shown that, despite such rather unfavorable external factors as the increase in general turbulence in world commodity trade, the expansion of the zone of protectionist and sanctions measures, trade conflicts, the EU was able to maintain its dominant position in international commodity exchange. At the same time, the European Union has pushed the main competitors, as the latest statistics show a significant decrease in the share of the North American free trade Association (NAFTA, consisting of the United States, Canada, Mexico) and Japan in international exports. Continuing to pursue a balanced foreign trade policy, the EU used its traditional instruments not only to increase its activity in general and outside the European region, but also to maintain a positive balance of foreign trade. In addition, there are hopes for the resumption of goodneighbourly trade relations between the European Union and the Russian Federation, which have been complicated in recent years by the introduction and extension of sanctions measures by the EU and Russia's response. The author presents new statistical materials, numerous calculated data, for the first time introduced into the domestic scientific circulation.

The European Alternatives International Commodity Policy: EEC Policies and Options

1978 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-20
Author(s):  
Geoffrey L. Goodwin ◽  
James B. Mayall
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
World War ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Commodity Trade ◽  
International Commodity ◽  
International Commitments ◽  
Second World

HOW IS THE EEC TO REACT TO THE UNCTAD DEMAND FOR AN INTEGRATED commodity programme? In this paper we attempt to sketch the background to this question and to identify some of the major options available to the Community. At the outset, however, one point deserves emphasis: over the past fifty years there have been many attempts to manage international commodity trade. Their success or failure has invariably depended more on political than purely technical considerations. Where national security or alliance needs ‘demanded’ coordination, as with the combined Raw Materials Board during the Second World War, any technical difficulties were overcome; on the other hand the inter-war rubber, wheat and coffee agreements were unable to withstand the onslaught of the depression, the retreat to economic nationalism, and the readiness of many members to put short-term domestic considerations before long-term international commitments. In the current debate the political context has, of course, changed, but the relevance of these political considerations has not.

The international commodity trade

2017 ◽  
pp. 297-318
Author(s):  
Vincenzo De Lipsis ◽  
Paolo Agnolucci ◽  
Raimund Bleischwitz
Keyword(s):  
Commodity Trade ◽  
International Commodity
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