scholarly journals Policy-related transaction costs of agricultural policies in Finland

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 193 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. OLLIKAINEN ◽  
J. LANKOSKI ◽  
S. NUUTINEN
Keyword(s):  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Income Support ◽  
Agricultural Policies ◽  
Buffer Zones ◽  
Support Measures ◽  
Environmental Measures ◽  
Related Transaction ◽  
Environmental Programme

This paper assesses policy-related transaction costs (PRTC) associated with the main agricultural and agri-environmental policy instruments in Finland. We find that area-based income support measures entail low transaction costs as expressed in percent of payments, not only in Finland but also in other European countries. Moreover, transaction costs in the Finnish agri-environmental programme are surprisingly low. Within the agri-environmental programme, transaction costs increase with more targeted and differentiated agri-environmental measures. For the basic mandatory measures, these costs are even lower than the transaction costs for the area-based income support measures. What regards the most differentiated policy measures such as conservation of special biotopes or establishment of riparian buffer zones, transaction costs increase considerably. Combining these findings with the actual targets of the Finnish agricultural policies provides indirect evidence about the impacts of policy instruments and the efficiency of administration in implementing the instruments. For area-based income support measures, the Finnish administration seems to work very efficiently. For water protection targets, enforcement and division of labour within the administration seem to be insufficient.;

Implications of uncertainty on firm outsourcing decisions

2006 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-125
Author(s):  
David R. King
Keyword(s):  
Transaction Costs ◽  
New Products ◽  
Industry Structure ◽  
Management Research ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
The Face ◽  
Sourcing Decisions ◽  
Related Transaction

Outsourcing inherently considers what activity needs to reside within a given firm. The difficulty of exchanges between firms in the face of uncertainty affects where work on developing and producing new products is performed. Theory is developed and explored using a case study that explains firm sourcing decisions as a response to uncertainty within the context of industry structure and related transaction costs. Viewing outsourcing broadly results in a better delineation of outsourcing options. Implications for management research and practice are identified.

scholarly journals Cross-border buyout pricing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Hammer ◽  
Nils Janssen ◽  
Bernhard Schwetzler
Keyword(s):  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Firm Size ◽  
Private Equity ◽  
Large Firm ◽  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Information Production ◽  
Organizational Resources ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Effective Remedy ◽  
Related Transaction

AbstractUsing a dataset of 1149 global private equity transactions, we find that cross-border buyouts are associated with significantly higher valuation multiples than domestic ones. We attribute this finding to informational disadvantages of foreign acquirers. Consistent with this idea, we find that the spread in valuation multiples narrows when the target operates in a country with high accounting standards, when it was publicly listed prior to the buyout, and when information production is facilitated due to large firm size. Further results suggest that local partnering in a syndicate serves as an effective remedy to avoid adverse pricing effects. The spread in valuation multiples is also less pronounced for large buyout funds, presumably because they draw on sufficient organizational resources to cope with cross-border-related transaction costs.

Transparency and timeliness: the monitoring of agricultural policies in the WTO using OECD data

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
TIM JOSLING ◽  
KLAUS MITTENZWEI
Keyword(s):  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Agricultural Policies ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
The Future ◽  
Domestic Support ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Oecd Data

AbstractTransparency in the multilateral trade system is fundamental. Monitoring the compliance of WTO members with their obligations is an important part of that transparency, and timeliness in the notification of compliance is crucial. In the case of domestic support to agriculture, the notifications of compliance with obligations has been slow and opaque. But another database exists that could both illuminate the extent to which policy instruments are correctly notified and provide a convenient way to ensure timely ‘pre-notifications’ in the event that delays occur in the future. This note shows how the OECD database can be used, for example, to shed light on the extent to which payments to producers that require production as a matter of eligibility are presently notified to the WTO as having no effect on production. We also demonstrate the feasibility of using OECD data to construct ‘pre-notifications’ by calculating the (as yet un-notified) domestic support notifications for the EU for the years 2009/10 and 2010/11.

Co-operatives in chains: institutional restructuring in the Dutch fruit and vegetable industry

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jos Bijman ◽  
en George Hendrikse
Keyword(s):  
Asymmetric Information ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Fresh Produce ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Market Conditions ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Related Transaction

Co-operatives play a major role in the agricultural and food industry. Co-operatives, by their very nature, are producer-oriented firms. As market conditions for food products have changed in recent decades, the question has been raised of whether co-operatives are still efficient organisations for carrying out transactions with agrifood products? This article addresses this question for the fresh produce industry in the Netherlands. Traditionally, fruits and vegetables were sold through auctions organised by grower-owned co-operatives. In the 1990s several auction co-operatives merged, transformed into marketing co-operatives, and vertically integrated into wholesale. In addition, growers set up many new bargaining associations and marketing co-operatives. These new co-operatives have started crop and variety-specific marketing programmes. For reasons of asymmetric information and investment-related transaction costs several of the new co-operative firms have also included the wholesale function.

scholarly journals Estimates of Public Sector Transaction Costs in NRCS Programs

2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura McCann ◽  
K. William Easter
Keyword(s):  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Nonpoint Source Pollution ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Resource Conservation ◽  
Nonpoint Source ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Conservation Costs ◽  
Using Data ◽  
National Resource

AbstractWhen evaluating the economic efficiency of policies to reduce nonpoint source pollution, administrative or transaction costs are usually not taken into account. While the importance of transaction costs has been recognized in the theoretical literature, the fact that they are not incorporated in empirical analyses means that, in effect, these costs are given a zero value. This issue is examined quantitatively using data collected by the National Resource Conservation Service (NRCS). Transaction costs are found to be a significant portion (38 percent) of overall conservation costs. This provides strong support for including these costs in economic evaluations of alternative policy instruments.

scholarly journals Agricultural Support Policies in Turkey

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sibel Tan ◽  
Mehmet Hasdemir ◽  
Bengü Everest
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Income Support ◽  
Agricultural Policies ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Agricultural Insurance ◽  
Republican Period ◽  
Total Budget ◽  
The World ◽  
Direct Income

Agriculture is the leading strategic sector of Turkey as it was in entire world. Despite this strategic significance, risks and uncertainties because of the dependency on natural conditions turn agriculture into a disadvantaged sector. Just because of those disadvantages, agriculture is protected with various support policies throughout the world. Agricultural policies of Turkey have initiated with institutionalization policies of the Republican period and progressed through product supports, input supports and low-interest credit implementations of the planned period. These policies experienced serious reforms at the beginning of 2000s. Within the scope of Agricultural Reforms Implementation Project (ARIP), agricultural supports were tried to be gathered under a single roof and Direct Income Support (DIS) implementations have started. The DIS implementations lasted for 8 years and terminated in 2008. Current agricultural policy tools are implemented as area-based supports, subsidiary payments, rural development and agricultural insurance supports. The budget allocated to agriculture and the share of agricultural supports in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Turkey did not exhibit much change in years. Considering the policies and supports provided in developed countries and especially in European Union (EU) countries, it is recommended for Turkey that share of agricultural supports in total budget should be increased to levels in those countries.

scholarly journals The Recovery Territories of the Рaradynamyc Anthropogenic Landscape System of the Ecological Network of Murovanokurylovetsky District of Vinnytsia Region

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Meadow Steppe ◽  
Ecological Network ◽  
Buffer Zones ◽  
Anthropogenic Landscapes ◽  
Anthropogenic Landscape ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Landscape System ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Environmental Measures

Purpose. To identify the peculiarities of the recovery territories of the paradynamyc anthropogenic landscape system (PDALS) of the ecological network of Murovanokurylovetsky district of Vinnytsia region. Methods: field, theoretical generalization, analytical and cartographic analysis, logic, finding of empirical relationships, cartographic. Results. It was discovered that the areas of relative-natural landscapes occupy only a few percent of the area of ​​ Murovanokurylovetsky district of Vinnytsia region. Therefore, under such conditions, it was offered to form an ecological network as a paradynamyc anthropogenic landscape system. This allows to include valuable territories of different levels of anthropogenization in the ecological network. In the article, the ecological network is considered as a holistic paradynamyc anthropogenic landscape system of key, connecting and buffer territories, zones of potential renaturalization, eco-technical junctions and interactive elements. They are related to each other by the common genesis, simultaneity or sequence of origin and development, dynamic connections. The important structural elements of the paradynamyc anthropogenic landscape system of ecological networks are recovery territories (zones of potential renaturalization). Publications devoted to their description are currently single. Nevertheless, measures of renaturalization within the recovery territories allow to restore and introduce valuable nature sites into the structure of environmental protection systems. Therefore, the study of recovery territories is very relevant. The structure of the nature-protective paradynamyc anthropogenic landscape system of the ecological network of Murovanokurylovetsky district of Vinnytsia region identified the following recovery territories: Konyschivska, Zhytnykivska, Verbovetska, Vynohradnivska, Naddnistrianska, Zhvanska, Halaykivetska, Volodymyrivska, Murovanokurylovetska, Posuhivska, Dereshovska, Myhaylivetska, Yaltushkivska, Bilyanska, Karayetska, Nyshivetska, Kotyuzhanska, Blakitnivs'ka, Gorayska and Glibokodolinska. The characteristic features of the recovery territories of the nature-protective paradynamyc anthropogenic landscape system of the ecological network of Murovanokurylovetsky district of Vinnytsia region are analyzed in the article. It was discovered that natural components and landscape complexes within the zones of potential renaturalization have undergone a significant transformation under the influence of human anthropogenic activity. They are often polluted and devoid of original state. However, areas with remnants of landscape complexes that are close to natural ones are preserved in these territories. Under the conditions of total anthropogenic transformation of nature, recovery territories are one of the few centers of the existence of valuable species of vegetation and wildlife. The species of plants and animals of the Red Books of Vinnytsia region and Ukraine are found here. The article suggests renaturalization measures for each recovery territory of the nature-protective paradynamyc anthropogenic landscape system of the ecological network of Murovanokurylovetsky district of Vinnytsia region. The main environmental measures within the zones of potential renaturalization are overcoming erosion processes, restoration, care and protection of forest, meadow, steppe, wetland and meadow-steppe vegetation. The paradynamyc connections between zones of potential renaturalization and surrounding anthropogenic landscapes, local biocentres, regional and local ecocorridors, and other recovery territories are considered in detail. Conclusion. Consequently, 20 recovery territories are identified within the paradynamyc anthropogenic landscape system of the ecological network of Murovanokurylovetsky district of Vinnytsia region. Their total area is 6222.16 hectares, which is 7.02 % of the area of ​​the district. They cover the sources of the tributaries of the main rivers in the area, the steep slopes of the river valleys with erosion forms of relief, forest, meadow, meadow-steppe and wetland landscape complexes. Nature-protective measures within them will allow the degraded areas of nature to be restored. By intermediation of paradynamyc connections, they will improve the state of the environment. Under the conditions of renaturalization on the basis of the recovery territories, it will be possible to form new and expand existing biocentres, buffer zones, create interactive elements, and optimize local ecological corridors. This will improve the habitat of living organisms and ensure their recovery and conservation.

scholarly journals Waldausdehnung im Berggebiet: Prozesse und Entwicklungen in der Schweizer Waldpolitik

2012 ◽  
Vol 163 (12) ◽  
pp. 512-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Hirschi ◽  
Alexander Widmer ◽  
Willi Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Forest Policy ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Specific Situation ◽  
Policy Network ◽  
Agricultural Policies ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
Forest Expansion ◽  
Forested Areas

Forest expansion in mountain areas: processes and developments in Swiss forest policy The use and protection of mountain landscapes is steered by several public policies, yet forest and agricultural policies play a particularly crucial role due to the relatively large share of forested and agricultural land in those areas. Both forest and agricultural policy are traditional sectoral policies that went through significant changes over the last years. In this article, we focus on the reform efforts in Swiss forest policy with particular attention to the issue of forest expansion in mountain areas. We first describe the relevant forest policy reform processes over the period from the year 2000 to 2012 using the Actor-Process-Event Scheme (APES), and analyze the underlying policy network. We then refer to other policy developments with potentially significant effects on forested areas, including changes in agricultural policy, and discuss the resulting consequences for the specific situation in Swiss mountain areas. The study shows that not only the goals and instruments of the Swiss federal forest policy gradually changed, but also – at least partly – the decision-making structures. Furthermore, it can be shown that the issue of forest expansion in mountain areas has mainly been discussed in the context of forest policy processes. Solutions to the issue, however, will also require appropriate policy instruments in spatial planning and agricultural policy.

Spreading Work and Supporting Incomes

2021 ◽  
pp. 125-148
Author(s):  
Cynthia Estlund
Keyword(s):  
Work Life ◽  
Free Time ◽  
Work Life Balance ◽  
Income Support ◽  
Life Balance ◽  
Support Measures ◽  
Human Labor ◽  
Healthy Work

Chapter 7 focuses chiefly on the project of work spreading—that is, shifting work from those with too much of it toward those with too little of it. The overall aim is to spread the benefits of both work and free time through a more equitable and healthy work-life balance across the society. Some work spreading can be accomplished by supporting workers’ own choices to work less; other work-spreading techniques will be more challenging and controversial, like those that take aim at the long-hours culture of many high-end workplaces. Work spreading needs to be coupled with income-support measures, which are briefly addressed here. But work spreading is the linchpin of mitigating the losses (in work and income) and spreading the gains (in free time) of a future in which machines gradually supplant human labor in a growing range of tasks.

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