scholarly journals Determination of Soft Tissue Thickness of Face for Facial Reconstruction - An Autopsy Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (37) ◽  
pp. 3267-3271
Author(s):  
Bindu Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Facial Reconstruction ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Soft Tissue Thickness ◽  
The Face ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

BACKGROUND Facial reconstruction aims to reconstruct the face of an unknown individual for identification. It is a process of recreating the face of a human being based on skull remains and can be used to identify otherwise unknown individuals or to reconstruct faces of historical figures. The measurement of facial soft tissue thickness is the basis of this method. The data obtained from various studies are charted and used as a guide for facial reconstruction. This study intended at determining the average soft tissue thickness of the face in 21 different points for the purpose of facial reconstruction in males and females. METHODS For the study, 144 cases belonging to the age of 21 to 60 years were brought for autopsy in the Department of Forensic medicine, Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram. They were divided into equal number of males and females. The soft tissue thickness was taken by needle puncture technique. Statistical analysis was done and the mean values in males and females and their age wise comparisons were obtained. Males and females showed strong positive correlation with age at certain points and the data obtained from this study provides a basis for facial reconstruction in the South Indian population. RESULTS Differences in mean values of general parameters and soft tissue thickness of face in different age groups and in both sexes and the coefficient of variation were also calculated at all points in both sexes. The mean values of height, weight were more in males than in females. The difference in the mean values of width of nose, width of forehead and the width of upper lip in females in different age groups was statistically significant. Among the soft tissue thicknesses at midline points of face, the difference in the mean values at the region of mid philtrum was statistically significant in males and females in different age groups. The difference in the mean values of soft tissue thickness in the lower lip in different age groups showed a statistical significance in males and females. Among the bilateral points of face, the difference in the mean values of soft tissue thickness of face in the region of right supraorbital, right and left gonion region showed a statistical significance in males in different age groups. In females, the left suborbital, right and left occlusal line and left mid zygomatic region showed a statistical difference. CONCLUSIONS The results of the study gave a set of average soft tissue thickness of face at 21 different points for an accurate reproduction of the skull in the South Indian population. In this study, the soft tissue thickness at midline and bilateral points were established. Further research in this field of facial reconstruction should incorporate various components of facial anatomy using modern imaging technology. A statistical analysis of multiple variables including other landmarks and various characteristics of the face could open up more relationships and would eventually lead to much more precise reconstruction. KEY WORDS Soft Tissue Thickness; Facial Reconstruction; South Indian Population

scholarly journals Establishment of a new relationship between posed smile width and lower facial height: A cross-sectional study

2015 ◽  
Vol 09 (03) ◽  
pp. 394-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aby Abraham ◽  
Jinu George ◽  
Elbe Peter ◽  
Koshi Philip ◽  
Rajesh Chankramath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Facial Height ◽  
The Face ◽  
Facial Proportions ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACT Objective: The present study is intended to add a new parameter that would be useful in orthodontic clinical evaluation, treatment planning, and determination of vertical dimension (at occlusion). Materials and Methods: Standardized videographic recording of 79 subjects during posed smile was captured. Each video was then cut into 30 photos using the free studio software. The widest commissure-to-commissure posed smile frame (posed smile width [SW]) was selected as one of 10 or more frames showing an identical smile. Lower third of the face is measured from subnasale to soft tissue menton using a digital vernier caliper. Two values were then compared. Ratio between lower facial height and posed SW was calculated. Results: The co-relation between smiling width and lower facial height was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.01). The ratio of lower facial height and smiling width was calculated as 1.0016 with a standard deviation (SD) = 0.04 in males and 1.0301 with an SD = 0.07 in females. The difference between the mean lower facial height in males and females was statistically significant with a t = 10.231 and P = 0.000. The difference between the mean smiling width in males and females was also statistically significant with a t = 5.653 and P = 0.000. Conclusion: In class I subjects with pleasing appearance, normal facial proportions, normal overjet and overbite, and average Frankfort mandibular angle, the lower facial height (subnasale to soft tissue menton) is equal to posed SW.

scholarly journals Facial Soft Tissue Thickness of Midline in an Iranian Sample: MRI Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 375-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masume Johari ◽  
Farzad Esmaeili ◽  
Hadi Hamidi
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Maxillary Sinusitis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Facial Reconstruction ◽  
Radiology Department ◽  
P Value ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Facial Soft Tissue ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Soft Tissue Thickness

Background and Aim: To identify human skeletal remains, different methods can be used and using these techniques, important data can be obtained. However, facial reconstruction is the last method to indentify unknown human faces which requires knowledge about facial soft tissue thickness in the different positions of the face. The present study determined the facial soft tissue thickness in the different landmark points on the MRI images of patients referred to Radiology Department of Shahid Madani Hospital. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional trial, MRI images of 179 patients (61 males, 118 females) in the age range of 18-76 years old who did not show any pathologic lesions, were selected. The measurements of the facial soft tissue were done on 12 landmark points on the midline area by two radiologist observers using specific software on the images. The differences in the soft tissue thickness in these landmark points were statistically analyzed by Mann-Whitney U (in term of gender) and Kruskal-Wallis tests (in terms of Body Mass Index [BMI] and age groups). P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The data were compared with the results of other studies. Results: The results obtained in the present study were higher than Turkish and American studies in most of the landmark points. Facial soft tissue thickness in most of the landmarks was more in males than females. In some of the landmarks, significant differences were found between emaciated, normal and overweight patients while in most cases, soft tissue thickness increased with the increased BMI. In some cases, significant differences were noted between soft tissue thickness values among the different age groups, in which the thickness increased or thinned with the increased age. Statistical Analysis: There were statistically significant associations between the presence and surface area of Haller cells and the occurrence of ipsilateral maxillary sinusitis. Neither the angulation of the uncinate process nor the size of the maxillary sinus ostium significantly correlates with the formation of maxillary sinusitis. Conclusion: The data achieved in the present study can be used for the facial reconstruction purposes in the Iranian population; however, the slight differences existing between the studied population and other subgroup races must be considered for accurate reconstructions.

scholarly journals Quantitative electroencephalography as a tool for objective neurophysiological seizure diagnosis: A retrospective study

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Rajesh Kumar ◽  
Tribhuwan Kumar ◽  
Kamlesh Jha ◽  
Yogesh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Matched Control ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Quantitative Electroencephalography ◽  
Beta Band ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Electrical Activities

Objectives: Seizure is the fourth most common neurological disorder in the world; it affects all age groups with equal possibility of occurrence in both males and females. Many antiepileptic drugs are available today, but its diagnosis is challenging. The present study attempted to see if seizure activities could be predicted by analyzing the pre-seizure electrical activities. The prediction may help in taking preventive measures appropriately beforehand in the individuals with seizure proneness. Material and Methods: We selected 11 generalized seizure patients and 19 control patients out of total 115 patients referred for electro-diagnostics for various reasons. EEG of the subjects recorded, segmented as per protocol, and analyzed using MATLAB and EEGLAB tools. Results: The mean energy level in alpha and beta band of the study subject was significantly lower (P = 0.04 and 0.004, respectively) as compared to the age matched control subjects. Theta and delta bands did not show any significant difference between the groups. The difference between the pre- and post-electrical seizure energy and entropy was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: The study shows that the energy level remains low in the seizure patients in the alpha and beta bands. This further goes down when electrophysiological seizure activities starts. The randomness or entropy does not alter significantly among the seizure subjects in comparison to non-seizure subjects.

scholarly journals Palatal Soft Tissue Thickness on Maxillary Posterior Teeth and Its Relation to Palatal Vault Angle Measured by Cone-Beam Computed Tomography

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Doosadee Hormdee ◽  
Thanwarat Yamsuk ◽  
Pipop Sutthiprapaporn
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Cone Beam ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Posterior Teeth ◽  
Power Of Test ◽  
Soft Tissue Thickness ◽  
Mucosal Thickness ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Palatal Vault

Objective. Analyzing palatal soft tissue thickness in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images and evaluating the relationship between tissue thickness and palatal vault angulation. Methods. Out of 1,737 CBCT images, fifty-six images met the inclusion criteria and were included in this cross-sectional study. The palatal vault angle on the maxillary first molar was measured and divided the images into 3 groups. The soft tissue thickness between the maxillary first premolar and second molar was measured at a distance of 3, 6, 7, 8, and 9 mm from the cementoenamel junction. All the image measurements were performed using CBCT-viewer software. Result. In this study, 56 CBCT images with full permanent maxillary posterior teeth and absence of light scattering were found. The mean age of the patients was 31.59 ± 13.92 years. The moderate and deep palatal vault angle patterns had the greatest and least prevalence, respectively. The average thickness on shallow, moderate, and deep palatal vault groups was 4.02 ± 0.58, 3.75 ± 0.73, and 3.43 ± 0.38 mm, respectively. Furthermore, the mean palatal mucosal thickness was statistically different between the deep and shallow palatal vault angle groups (p<0.05, power of test 0.8). Based on the Pearson correlation coefficient, there was a negative correlation between the palatal mucosal thickness and palatal vault angle (p<0.05, power of test 0.85). Conclusion. A negative correlation between the palatal mucosal thickness and palatal vault angle was observed. Furthermore, this study suggested that the shape of the palatal vault can be one of the supporting data for evaluating the graft dimensions.

scholarly journals Peri-Implant Behavior of Sloped Shoulder Dental Implants Used for All-On-Four Protocols: An Histomorphometric Analysis in Dogs

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Calvo Guirado ◽  
Aldo Lucero-Sánchez ◽  
Ana Boquete Castro ◽  
Marcus Abboud ◽  
Sergio Gehrke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Bone Loss ◽  
Dental Implants ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Histomorphometric Analysis ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Marginal Bone Loss ◽  
Soft Tissue Thickness ◽  
The Mean

The aim of this study was to evaluate the soft tissue thickness and marginal bone loss around dental implants with sloped micro-threaded shoulder (30° angle) in comparing with conventional design, inserted 30° degrees angulated in post extraction sockets and immediate loaded with temporary prosthesis simulating the all-on-four protocol. Materials and Methods: Six fox hound dogs received forty-eight post extraction dental implants with the different diameter and length (Medentika, Germany), but with different neck configurations. Two group of implants were inserted 1mm subcrestal. Control group has a micro-threaded neck and the Test group has a sloped microthreaded neck. Immediate loading was applied using a constructed metallic structure. After three months, soft and hard tissue levels were assessed by histomorphometric analysis. Results: The mean soft tissue thickness (STT) was 2.5 ± 0.2 mm for the Control group and 3.3 ± 0.3 mm for Test group (p = 0.036), meanwhile the mean marginal bone loss (MBL) was 1.53 ± 0.34 mm for Control group and, 1.62 ± 0.22 mm for Test group (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Within the limitations of this experimental model in dogs, the findings showed that dental implants with microthreaded and microthreaded sloped necks installed in immediate post extraction sites with immediate load, presented a comparable perimplant tissue behavior.

Repeatability of facial soft tissue thickness measurements for forensic facial reconstruction using X-ray images

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ozgur Bulut ◽  
Kahraman Gungor ◽  
Nicolle Thiemann ◽  
Ismail Hizliol ◽  
Safa Gurcan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Facial Reconstruction ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Facial Soft Tissue ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Soft Tissue Thickness ◽  
Thickness Measurements

scholarly journals A novel method using 3D CBCT to assess anterior malar prominence among native Bangalore population- A descriptive study

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-228
Author(s):  
Sanda Aamani ◽  
Hemanth M ◽  
Sharmada B K ◽  
Karthik J Kabbur ◽  
Goutham Kalladka
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Study ◽  
T Test ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Face ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Paired T Test

There is a lack of accurate three-dimensional studies to locate malar prominence for specified population, this study aims to locate the malar prominence using stable landmarks using CBCT. To derive a novel method to accurately locate the malar prominence and to assess and compare the malar prominence between males and females among Bangalore population using 3D CBCT study. All CBCT scans of study subjects belong to Bangalore population were collected from the pre-existing data available in Radiology imaging Solutions (CBCT centre), Bangalore during the period of September 10th to October 10th 2020. This is a descriptive study. A total of 42 subjects including 21 Males and 21 females were assessed using full skull CBCT scans which were converted to DICOM format and reconstructed into 3D images using NEMOCEPH 3D software. Landmarks used to locate the malar prominence were Fzs, Z, Zm and Ans. The intersection of these landmarks is considered to be as constructed maxillozygion(My). For the accuracy of the constructed Maxillozygion point (My), the distance between the actual Maxillozygion (Mzy) and constructed Maxillozygion (My) is measured and calculated between left and right halves of males and females. Three Orthogonal planes constructed were Midsagittal, Axial and Coronal Planes and the linear measurements with reference to all three reference planes in both the groups are measured. Student paired t- Test, Independent Student t Test, Mann Whitney Test. The mean distance from Mzy and my between right and left half of the face was compared using student paired t- Test. There is no significant difference (p=0.35).The mean values of the constructed anatomical landmark (maxillozygion) coordinated to three orthogonal planes between right and left sides of the face is compared using student paired T test and for both the genders (males and females) was compared using Independent Student t Test, and it is significantly higher in males as compared to females and it is statistically significant at (p=0.01). The location of malar prominence using CBCT by a novel method for Bangalore population is found which can be helpful in diagnosis and treatment planning for malar augmentation, camouflage treatment in subjects with midface deficiencies.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Fetal Mid-Thigh Soft Tissue Thickness and Femur Length for Estimation of Fetal Birth Weight

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 01-10
Author(s):  
Nareman Elhamamy
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Femur Length ◽  
Soft Tissue Thickness ◽  
Percent Difference ◽  
Fetal Birth Weight ◽  
Kappa Value ◽  
The Difference

Accurate calculation of fetal weight relies on two equally important factors: the use of a formula with strong intrinsic properties, and the use of sonographic biometric parameters that are not susceptible to errors in measurement. From a statistical perspective, the inclusion of multiple variables in a model improves multicollinearity chances and decreases each measurement's internal error. Precisely predicting estimated fetal weight during childbirth may have a significant impact on successful obstetric management, especially in the case of suspected macrosomia or low birth weight. Macrosomic fetuses can cause maternal and neonatal complications during childbirth, and low-born fetuses are at increased risk for perinatal morbidity and mortality. The main aim of the study was to assess the accuracy of measurement of mid-thigh soft tissue thickness and femur length, in estimation of expected fetal birth weight The study was conducted during the period January 2017 to August 2019, at Tanta University hospitals, Obstetrics & Gynecology department. 65 pregnant ladies at term (between 37-40weeks) were included in the study. Results: Mean difference between fetal weight by Hadlock formulae and actual fetal weight is -10.88g; percent difference is (0.32%). The difference statistically insignificant p>0.05. Mean difference between fetal weight by Scioscia’s formulae and Actual fetal weight is 2.83; the percent difference is (0.08%). The difference statistically insignificant p>0.05. Good agreement between Hadlock formulae and Actual Fetal Weight Kappa value (0.73).Also shows moderate agreement between Scioscia’s formulae and Actual Fetal Weight Kappa value (0.52). area under curve Hadlock formulae (0.79), Scioscia’s formulae (0.78) for detecting fetal weight ≥3500gm among pregnant women at 39-40 weeks of gestation. Conclusion: The mid-thigh soft tissue thickness and femur length can be used in estimation of expected fetal birth weight like as other sonographic parameters. The validity of Scioscia's formulae is not better than Hadlock formulae in detection of fetal weight less than 3500 gm. The validity of both formulae Scioscia's and Hadlock in detection of fetal weight more than 3500 gm. Reduced and cannot be dependable in extremes of weight.

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