scholarly journals Organ Bioprinting: The Next Generation Revolution in Medical Science

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahnoor Patel
Keyword(s):  
Medical Technology ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Organ Shortage ◽  
3D Bioprinting ◽  
Organ Donations ◽  
Organ Printing ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
Living Tissues

The idea about lab grown organs is possibly the end of drug testing on the experimental animals or the human participants. Solution of organ shortage and the desperate ending state of organ donations worldwide can be solved. 3D Bioprinting is a revolutionary mind blowing medical technology emerged in the last few years. It involves the creation of living tissues, like bones, blood vessels, heart or skin with the help of additive manufacturing which is also known as 3D Bioprinting. Unlike other printing technology for the objects, Bioprinting not only needs living cells, they also need environment for nurturing to stay them alive, like food, water and oxygen. Nowadays, these kinds of conditions are provided by microgel, such as gelatin enriched with proteins, vitamins and many other compounds for life sustaining. Furthermore, for creating the fostering conditions and fastest efficient cell growth, scientist plant cells around 3D scaffolds which made of biodegradable polymers or collagen so that organ can able to grow in fully functional living tissue. Bioprinting is time-consuming and difficult also, but by doing proper research all problems can be solved for making organs available in transplantation process. Mass production of the organs for medical purpose likely to solve in the coming next decade. Also it is too much difficult to print the complex organs. Also if the technology available more easily, tissue engineering will become more feasible than entire organ printing. Bionic ear, synthetic skin, bladder or cornea might be the first tissues to be bio printed or completely grown in the lab on demand. These tissues having small numbers of cell types, it can be the first one for fully grown bio printed organs. After this success, bio printing of more complex organs can be done in future.

scholarly journals 3D bioprinting technology for regenerative medicine applications

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhakshinamoorthy Sundaramurthi ◽  
Sakandar Rauf ◽  
Charlotte Hauser
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
3D Bioprinting ◽  
Organ Printing ◽  
Tissue Models

Alternative strategies that overcome existing organ transplantation methods are of increasing importance be-cause of ongoing demands and lack of adequate organ donors. Recent improvements in tissue engineering techniques offer improved solutions to this problem and will influence engineering and medicinal applications. Tissue engineering employs the synergy of cells, growth factors and scaffolds besides others with the aim to mimic the native extracellular matrix for tissue regeneration. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has been explored to create organs for transplanta-tion, medical implants, prosthetics, in vitro models and 3D tissue models for drug testing. In addition, it is emerging as a powerful technology to provide patients with severe disease conditions with personalized treatments. Challenges in tis-sue engineering include the development of 3D scaffolds that closely resemble native tissues. In this review, existing printing methods such as extrusion-based, robotic dispensing, cellular inkjet, laser-assisted printing and integrated tissue organ printing (ITOP) are examined. Also, natural and synthetic polymers and their blends as well as peptides that are exploited as bioinks are discussed with emphasis on regenerative medicine applications. Furthermore, applications of 3D bioprinting in regenerative medicine, evolving strategies and future perspectives are summarized.

scholarly journals Rapid 3D BioPrinting of a human iPSC-derived cardiac micro-tissue for high-throughput drug testing

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 100007
Author(s):  
Kathleen L. Miller ◽  
Yi Xiang ◽  
Claire Yu ◽  
Jacob Pustelnik ◽  
Jerry Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
3D Bioprinting ◽  
Human Ipsc

scholarly journals Modelling the Human Placental Interface In Vitro—A Review

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 884
Author(s):  
Marta Cherubini ◽  
Scott Erickson ◽  
Kristina Haase
Keyword(s):  
Drug Testing ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Scientific Challenge ◽  
Induced Pluripotent ◽  
And Function ◽  
And Control

Acting as the primary link between mother and fetus, the placenta is involved in regulating nutrient, oxygen, and waste exchange; thus, healthy placental development is crucial for a successful pregnancy. In line with the increasing demands of the fetus, the placenta evolves throughout pregnancy, making it a particularly difficult organ to study. Research into placental development and dysfunction poses a unique scientific challenge due to ethical constraints and the differences in morphology and function that exist between species. Recently, there have been increased efforts towards generating in vitro models of the human placenta. Advancements in the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), microfluidics, and bioprinting have each contributed to the development of new models, which can be designed to closely match physiological in vivo conditions. By including relevant placental cell types and control over the microenvironment, these new in vitro models promise to reveal clues to the pathogenesis of placental dysfunction and facilitate drug testing across the maternal–fetal interface. In this minireview, we aim to highlight current in vitro placental models and their applications in the study of disease and discuss future avenues for these in vitro models.

scholarly journals Production of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hepatic Cell Lineages and Liver Organoids: Current Status and Potential Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
João P. Cotovio ◽  
Tiago G. Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Hepatic Cell ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Organ Shortage ◽  
Cell Lineages ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Liver Organoids

Liver disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, leading to the death of approximately 2 million people per year. Current therapies include orthotopic liver transplantation, however, donor organ shortage remains a great challenge. In addition, the development of novel therapeutics has been limited due to the lack of in vitro models that mimic in vivo liver physiology. Accordingly, hepatic cell lineages derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) represent a promising cell source for liver cell therapy, disease modelling, and drug discovery. Moreover, the development of new culture systems bringing together the multiple liver-specific hepatic cell types triggered the development of hPSC-derived liver organoids. Therefore, these human liver-based platforms hold great potential for clinical applications. In this review, the production of the different hepatic cell lineages from hPSCs, including hepatocytes, as well as the emerging strategies to generate hPSC-derived liver organoids will be assessed, while current biomedical applications will be highlighted.

TMOD-29. STANDARDIZED GENERATION OF TUMOR-ORGANOIDS AS NOVEL DRUG SCREENING MODEL IN MENINGIOMA

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (Supplement_6) ◽  
pp. vi221-vi222
Author(s):  
Gerhard Jungwirth ◽  
Tao Yu ◽  
Cao Junguo ◽  
Catharina Lotsch ◽  
Andreas Unterberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Screening ◽  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cellular Heterogeneity ◽  
Drug Responses ◽  
Novel Drug ◽  
Tumor Organoids

Abstract Tumor-organoids (TOs) are novel, complex three-dimensional ex vivo tissue cultures that under optimal conditions accurately reflect genotype and phenotype of the original tissue with preserved cellular heterogeneity and morphology. They may serve as a new and exciting model for studying cancer biology and directing personalized therapies. The aim of our study was to establish TOs from meningioma (MGM) and to test their usability for large-scale drug screenings. We were capable of forming several hundred TO equal in size by controlled reaggregation of freshly prepared single cell suspension of MGM tissue samples. In total, standardized TOs from 60 patients were formed, including eight grade II and three grade III MGMs. TOs reaggregated within 3 days resulting in a reducted diameter by 50%. Thereafter, TO size remained stable throughout a 14 days observation period. TOs consisted of largely viable cells, whereas dead cells were predominantly found outside of the organoid. H&E stainings confirmed the successful establishment of dense tissue-like structures. Next, we assessed the suitability and reliability of TOs for a robust large-scale drug testing by employing nine highly potent compounds, derived from a drug screening performed on several MGM cell lines. First, we tested if drug responses depend on TO size. Interestingly, drug responses to these drugs remained identical independent of their sizes. Based on a sufficient representation of low abundance cell types such as T-cells and macrophages an overall number of 25.000 cells/TO was selected for further experiments revealing FDA-approved HDAC inhibitors as highly effective drugs in most of the TOs with a mean z-AUC score of -1.33. Taken together, we developed a protocol to generate standardized TO from MGM containing low abundant cell types of the tumor microenvironment in a representative manner. Robust and reliable drug responses suggest patient-derived TOs as a novel drug testing model in meningioma research.

scholarly journals 3D bioprinting: novel approaches for engineering complex human tissue equivalents and drug testing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Hagenbuchner ◽  
Daniel Nothdurfter ◽  
Michael J. Ausserlechner
Keyword(s):  
Human Tissue ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
3D Bioprinting ◽  
Tissue Equivalents ◽  
Common Strategy ◽  
Specific Tissue

Abstract Conventional approaches in drug development involve testing on 2D-cultured mammalian cells, followed by experiments in rodents. Although this is the common strategy, it has significant drawbacks: in 2D cell culture with human cells, the cultivation at normoxic conditions on a plastic or glass surface is an artificial situation that significantly changes energy metabolism, shape and intracellular signaling, which in turn directly affects drug response. On the other hand, rodents as the most frequently used animal models have evolutionarily separated from primates about 100 million years ago, with significant differences in physiology, which frequently leads to results not reproducible in humans. As an alternative, spheroid technology and micro-organoids have evolved in the last decade to provide 3D context for cells similar to native tissue. However, organoids used for drug testing are usually just in the 50–100 micrometers range and thereby too small to mimic micro-environmental tissue conditions such as limited nutrient and oxygen availability. An attractive alternative offers 3D bioprinting as this allows fabrication of human tissue equivalents from scratch with hollow structures for perfusion and strict spatiotemporal control over the deposition of cells and extracellular matrix proteins. Thereby, tissue surrogates with defined geometry are fabricated that offer unique opportunities in exploring cellular cross-talk, mechanobiology and morphogenesis. These tissue-equivalents are also very attractive tools in drug testing, as bioprinting enables standardized production, parallelization, and application-tailored design of human tissue, of human disease models and patient-specific tissue avatars. This review, therefore, summarizes recent advances in 3D bioprinting technology and its application for drug screening.

scholarly journals Cryopreserved cell-laden alginate microgel bioink for 3D bioprinting of living tissues

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 61-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Jeon ◽  
Y.B. Lee ◽  
T.J. Hinton ◽  
A.W. Feinberg ◽  
E. Alsberg
Keyword(s):  
3D Bioprinting ◽  
Cryopreserved Cell ◽  
Living Tissues

scholarly journals Fluorescent PSC-Derived Cardiomyocyte Reporter Lines: Generation Approaches and Their Applications in Cardiovascular Medicine

Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 402
Author(s):  
Naeramit Sontayananon ◽  
Charles Redwood ◽  
Benjamin Davies ◽  
Katja Gehmlich
Keyword(s):  
Drug Testing ◽  
Cardiac Development ◽  
Cardiac Regeneration ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Clinical Safety ◽  
Fluorescent Reporter ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Attractive Option

Recent advances have made pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived cardiomyocytes an attractive option to model both normal and diseased cardiac function at the single-cell level. However, in vitro differentiation yields heterogeneous populations of cardiomyocytes and other cell types, potentially confounding phenotypic analyses. Fluorescent PSC-derived cardiomyocyte reporter systems allow specific cell lineages to be labelled, facilitating cell isolation for downstream applications including drug testing, disease modelling and cardiac regeneration. In this review, the different genetic strategies used to generate such reporter lines are presented with an emphasis on their relative technical advantages and disadvantages. Next, we explore how the fluorescent reporter lines have provided insights into cardiac development and cardiomyocyte physiology. Finally, we discuss how exciting new approaches using PSC-derived cardiomyocyte reporter lines are contributing to progress in cardiac cell therapy with respect to both graft adaptation and clinical safety.

scholarly journals 3D bioprinting of mature bacterial biofilms for antimicrobial resistance drug testing

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 045018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evita Ning ◽  
Gareth Turnbull ◽  
Jon Clarke ◽  
Fred Picard ◽  
Philip Riches ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Bacterial Biofilms ◽  
3D Bioprinting
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