scholarly journals Availability Study of Groundwater in Jaffna Peninsula of Northern Sri Lanka

2017 ◽  
Vol 08 (01) ◽  
pp. 1563-1567
Author(s):  
Vijakanth, V. ◽  
Sivakumar, S.S. ◽  
Ratnaweera, H.C
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Safe Yield ◽  
The Past ◽  
Available Water

The Jaffna Peninsula lie in the northern-most part of Sri Lanka. It is separated from the mainland by two external lagoons. The Jaffna Peninsula depends for its water on the rainfall which percolates and stored in lime stone aquifers. The average annual rainfall is 1284 mm/year and the potential vapour transpiration is 1858.8 mm. The Jaffna Peninsula is struggling to meet the water demand and quality of available ground water also threatened by pollutants. The major aquifers within Jaffna Peninsula located in Valikamam, Vadamaradchchi and Thenmaradchchi area. From 1966 several surveys and investigations were carried out to find out the water usage pattern, required water and available water, etc. The studies which are carried out in different periods on deriving possible “Safe Yield” from the aquifers of Jaffna Peninsula are showing inconsistent results for the same aquifers. In last few decades the ground water is exposed for the pollution due to over extraction for irrigation lead for sea water intrusion, heavy usage of agro chemicals lead to increase the Nitrate concentration beyond the limit and discharging industrial waste in to ground lead to the contamination of petroleum components.The studies done so far on estimating the availability of groundwater in Jaffna Peninsula have been carried out to certain extent and derived recommendations for “Safe Yield” as well. But the findings are varying with the time period for a specific aquifer. Also the carrying capacity of the aquifers are not clearly studied in detail as the groundwater in Jaffna Peninsula is stored in fractured weak limestone aquifers. Therefore the over storage of groundwater in the aquifers beyond their capacity may cause adverse impact to the environment.Based on the past studies, the recommended total “Safe Yield” from the aquifers in Jaffna Peninsula is 13,100 m3 per day in dry season and 34,600 m3 per day in wet season while having a basic water requirement for domestic need of 31,500 m3 per day. Further available annual water resources is 718 m3 per day per person which is less than the recommended amount in the World Water Development Report of the United Nations. These are indicating that the Jaffna Peninsula is facing the water scarcity.The availability of groundwater and the possible additional recharge shall be studied with correlation to the carrying capacity of the aquifer to ensure and improve the available water resources in a sustainable manner. This paper is analysed and summarised the past studies on groundwater in Jaffna Peninsula.

Turkey's Water Resources and Hydropower Potential

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayhan Demirbaş ◽  
Recep Bakiş
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Water Reservoirs ◽  
Total Potential ◽  
Hydropower Potential ◽  
Different Types

The aim of this paper is to investigate water resources in Turkey. Annual rainfall varies from 220 mm to 2500 mm with an average of 643 mm, which means total volume of 501 km3 and average annual potential of surface water is 186 km3 and 95 km3 of this amount potential can be feasibly developed. Ground water reservoirs are estimated to be around 12 km3. As a result of construction of 700 dams, with different types, purposes and sizes, 140 km3 of water is being stored in the reservoirs. Total hydropower potential of Turkey is annually 433,000 GWh. Almost 50% of the total potential is technically exploitable, and 29% is (122,322 GWh/year) economically exploitable.

Water and wastewater related issues in Sri Lanka

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 305-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.J.G.J. Bandara
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Agricultural Runoff ◽  
Water And Wastewater

The primary problems concerning water resources in Sri Lanka are the depletion and degradation of the resource caused by various anthropogenic activities. Surface inland waters in urban areas are polluted heavily with domestic sewage and industrial effluents, and in rural areas with agricultural runoff. With regard to ground water in certain areas of the dry zone, there is a high fluoride content and in hard, rocky, alluvial areas, there is a high concentration of iron. In urban over-crowded cities, there is biological contamination of ground water. Over-utilization, particularly through tube wells, is another major problem affecting ground water resources in Sri Lanka. Oil spills, dumping of waste from ships, coral and sand mining, and industrial activities are the main causes of marine pollution in the country. Except for pipe-borne water supply, irrigation and hydropower schemes, in general water resources in Sri Lanka are managed very poorly. Regulations are available to control most water related problems but enforcement of these regulations is lacking. The ultimate result of degradation and depletion of water resources is the increasing health hazards. Water-borne and vector-borne diseases are prevalent, particularly amongst urban low-income communities with poor sanitary facilities and drainage. Despite government initiatives and legislation, very slow progress has been made towards combating water pollution. This paper examines the most significant water and wastewater related issues in Sri Lanka and their controlling mechanisms.

scholarly journals Groundwater Fluctuations in Sub Basin of Krishna River, Western Maharashtra, India

2012 ◽  
pp. 23-33
Author(s):  
Abhijit M. Zende ◽  
R. Nagarajan
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Future Generation ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Unconfined Aquifers ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
To Come

Water is the most important resource of a country and of the entire society as a whole since no life is possible without water. Water may occur in nature in liquid, solid as well as in gaseous form. All these forms of water are very useful to mankind. About 97% of the total available water on earth is contained in oceans, and is, hence, saline or salty in nature. The amount of fresh (sweet) water actually available is only about 3 % of the total quantity of water on the earth. Looking to the above, the reality is that there is essentially very less fresh water on the planet today and with development and population increase need for water increases day by day, so planning should be done for restoring the available water for the need of future generation. The proper conservation, maintenance, and careful use of water resources, along with developing additional storages, may considerably reduce the chances of water famines for future generations to come. In addition to these measures, we may have to find out means and ways for increasing the available usable water by developing artificial rain technology, easier ways to desalt sea water at cheaper rates, recharging the unconfined aquifers by constructing small check dams on small rivulets. Here, an attempt is made to study the ground water fluctuations in the Yerala river basin, located in Sangli and Satara district situated in Maharashtra state, India. Ground water table in the Yerala river basin decrease from 8 to 1.5 m Below Ground Level (BGL) during period of 2001 to 2010.

scholarly journals Estimasi Daya Dukung Sumber Daya Air di Pulau Kecil (Studi Kasus Pulau Pari)

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dyah Marganingrum ◽  
Yayat Sudrajat
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Tourism Destination ◽  
Safe Level ◽  
Technological Intervention

Small islands are often promoted as a tourism destination in spite of the limited fresh water resources availability that they could retain for daily needs. In this context, efforts to provide fresh water resources sustainable in the small island are necessary to support the tourism destination purpose. This study aims to estimate the carrying capacity of the fresh water resources in Pari Island. The estimation method is the ratio between the fresh water availability and its demand by calculating the island size, aquifer thickness, annual rainfall, hydraulic conductivity or soil permeability, and the application of rainwater harvesting technology (RHT). The result shows that the carrying capacity of the fresh water resources without technological intervention in Pari Island is 2.05. Even though this score indicates the safe level, the measure has not taken the water quality into consideration yet. Expectedly, it could be improved by applying the RHT technology but it results in the carrying capacity score of 1.37 and 1.47 (conditionally safe) for the current state and 25-year future prediction respectively. This study recommends the improvements in tourism management by limiting the visitor number in order to support their sustainability for the local livelihood and Pari Island’s ecosystem conservation.

scholarly journals Land and Water Carrying Capacity in Tourism Area of Nusa Penida, Bali

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (02) ◽  
pp. 145-161
Author(s):  
Nyoman Sudipa ◽  
Made Sudiana Mahendra ◽  
Wayan Sandi Adnyana ◽  
Ida Bagus Pujaastawa
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Ecological Footprint ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Environmental Resources ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Water Based

Environmental resources are very important in supporting tourism activities. As a developing tourism area Nusa Penida needs sufficient land and water resources. Increasing population of residents and tourists triggers new activities that affect the patterns of land use and available water, which in turn has a negative impact on the availability of land and water. The carrying capacity of the environment is disrupted due to the utilization of environmental resources that exceed its capacity. This study aims to calculate the availability, needs and status of the carrying capacity of land and water in the Nusa Penida Tourism Area.The methodology of this study is to calculate the availability of land and water, calculate land and water needs for residents and tourists and calculate the carrying capacity of land and water. This study predicts the availability of land and water, land and water needs and the carrying capacity of land and water in the Nusa Penida Tourism Area until 2023.From the results of data analysis shows that the availability of land in Nusa Penida amounted to 5,350 hectares. Projected land needs until the year 2028 of 24,640 hectares, the carrying capacity of the land in Nusa Penida deficit. The results of the calculation of land requirements based on the ecological footprint amounted to 17,724.283 hectares, while the availability of land in Nusa Penida was 5,350 hectares. This shows that the carrying capacity of the land in Nusa Penida has a deficit of 12,374,283 hectares. Availability of water based on rainfall and springs in Nusa Penida is 95,443,402.56 m3/year. The results of data analysis show that in 2028 water needs for residents and tourists are estimated at 83,398,400 m3/year. Projection of the carrying capacity of water in Nusa Penida based on rainfall surplus of 901,002.56 m3/year. Projection of the carrying capacity of water in Nusa Penida based 10% utilization of springs Penida and Guyangan in 2028 surplus of 2,433,865,856.44 m3/year Projection of the carrying capacity of water in Nusa Penida based on rainfall + 10% utilization of springs Penida and Guyangan in 2023 surplus of 2,529,309,259 m3/year. Projection of the carrying capacity of water in Nusa Penida based on rainfall + all springs water potencyin Nusa Penida in 2028 surplus of 34,958,390,240 m3/year.

scholarly journals Environmental Carrying Capacity Analysis Based on Water Resources (Case Study of East Surabaya Area)

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-237
Author(s):  
Enggar Hastoyuando ◽  
Widodo Brontowiyono ◽  
Nur Aini Iswati Hasanah
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Capacity Analysis ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Environmental Carrying Capacity

AbstractEast Surabaya, an area that is developing intensively, is known for its excessive problems, including a water shortage which reoccurs every year. The main objective of this study is to investigate the environmental carrying capacity based on the available water resources in East Surabaya, Indonesia. The method used consists of determining the ratio between supply and demand in order to obtain the carrying capacity of the local environment. The results show that the carrying capacity in East Surabaya in the year 2030 is of conditional sustain and amounts to 1.0. Generally, the deficit status (overshoot) occurs between May and November and conditional sustain in April and December, with the condition of surplus (sustain) occurring from January to March. However, further action is needed to conserve water during the surplus months and thus meet the needs arising during the deficit months.

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