Estimation of hazen williams’s constant for a residential water distribution network; GMDH and PSO approach

Hazen-William equation is used to estimate the Fluid flow in closed channel. There are various models for estimation of pipe flow, however the accuracy and reliability of models varies due to the empirical nature of the Hazen-William constant .the applicability of model also become constrained due to the dependency of constant on pipe material, dimension and flow potential. Different type of pipeline arranged in different Networks will require different value of the constant and is generally retrieved from the data collected for the pipe network. The case dependency of the model has makes the model erroneous and often subjective that is why the present study tries to propose a model which can be used for any network where the output will depend upon the inputs. In this aspect the soft computation techniques: - GMDH and PSO was utilized in an unconventional way to establish the value of CHW =f (H, L, V, D). According to result the GMDH becomes the better model than the PSO where the accuracy is about 76.315%.

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Experimental investigation of leak hydraulics

Journal of Hydroinformatics ◽

10.2166/hydro.2012.034 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 666-675 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

M. Ferrante ◽

C. Massari ◽

E. Todini ◽

B. Brunone ◽

S. Meniconi

Keyword(s):

Distribution Systems ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Network Models ◽

Water Distribution Network ◽

Experimental Tests ◽

Pressure Control ◽

Pipe Material ◽

Governing Equations ◽

The One ◽

Definition Of

In recent decades the hydraulics of leaks, i.e. the definition of the relationships linking the hydraulic quantities in pipes with leaks, has received increasing attention. On the one hand, the definition of the relationship between the leak outflow and the relevant parameters – e.g. the leak area and shape, the pressure inside the pipe and outside the leak, and the pipe material – is crucial for pressure control and inverse analysis techniques. On the other hand, if the effect of the leakage on the governing equations is not taken into account, i.e. the loss of the flow axial momentum is not considered, significant errors can be introduced in the simulation of water distribution systems. In this paper, the governing equations for a pipe with a leak are derived. The basic equations, obtained within different approaches, are presented in a consistent formulation and then compared with the results of some experimental tests. The leak jet angle and other major features of the results are analysed. The estimated values of the parameters can be used in the water distribution network models when pipes with a diffuse leakage are considered.

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Model of leak inspection and repair of water distribution network

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2001.0041 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 225-230 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Y. Hosoi

Keyword(s):

Water Distribution ◽

Distribution Network ◽

Water Distribution Network ◽

Distribution Area ◽

Water Supply Systems ◽

Pipe Material ◽

Water Leakage ◽

Inspection Interval ◽

Pipe Breakage ◽

Supply Systems

Theories and policies for the maintenance and renewal of water supply systems are required. The occurrence of water distribution pipe breakage and water leakage is influenced by pipe material, size and age as well as soil characteristics and transportation. The water leakage has to be discovered as soon as possible from the viewpoint of minimizing water loss. However, it costs more to increase inspections for water leakage. In this study, the model to determine the optimal inspection interval for water leakage of the water distribution network was examined. The optimal inspection interval was estimated to minimize the total cost of inspection, pipe repair and lost water. The developed model was applied to a water distribution area whose water main is 486 kilometres long. The area was divided into sub-area of 250 metres square. Those sub-areas were classified into 6 groups according to pipe break rate. The optimal inspection interval was obtained for each group and its validity examined by numerical simulation.

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Study of the effect of pipe materials and mixing phenomenon on trihalomethanes formation and diffusion in a laboratory-scale water distribution network

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2017.103 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 183-192 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rojacques Mompremier ◽

Óscar Arturo Fuentes Mariles ◽

Kebreab Ghebremichael ◽

Ana Elisa Silva Martínez ◽

José Elías Becerril Bravo

Keyword(s):

Residence Time ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Distribution Network ◽

Water Distribution Network ◽

Laboratory Scale ◽

Pipe Material ◽

Sampling Locations ◽

The Impact ◽

And Diffusion ◽

Pipe Materials

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the factors that affect the formation and diffusion of disinfection by-products, especially trihalomethanes (THM), in a laboratory-scale water distribution network constructed with three different pipe materials. Sampling locations were chosen on the basis of residence time, pipe material and mixing zone. Water samples were collected and analyzed for temperature, pH, total organic carbon, turbidity, free chlorine and THM. Experiments were carried out where two different flow directions at cross junctions were studied. It was observed that for incoming flow at 90° with varying flow rate, mixing was shown to be incomplete where inflows tend to bifurcate rather than mix completely. For two incoming flows in opposing direction (180°), solute mixing has shown to be perfect due to the collision of the fluid streams. The results demonstrated how THM concentration can greatly vary in the same water distribution network due to the impact of pipe material, residence time and the outcome of mixing at cross junctions.

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Health Risk Assessment of Disinfection By-Products in the Water Distribution Network in a Southern City of Jiangsu

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.777.360 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 777 ◽

pp. 360-364

Author(s):

Yuan Li ◽

Feng E. Zhang ◽

Jian Xu ◽

Chun Fang Chen

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Distribution Network ◽

Water Distribution Network ◽

Carcinogenic Risk ◽

Cancer Risk Assessment ◽

Pipe Network ◽

Southern City ◽

By Products

The cancer risk assessment model recommended US EPA was used to access the carcinogenicity of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in water distribution network in a Southern City of Jiangsu. The trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) with carcinogenic risk was considered to be the research focus on the cancer risk assessment. The carcinogenic risk along the pipeline was explored through monitoring the changes of the THMs and HAAs .The results showed as follows: the disinfection by-products increased along the pipe network and cancer risk increased too. The maximum cancer risk within the area of water supply pipe network was calculated. The RTmax was 4.72×10-5, which was between5.10-5 and 10-6. So the carcinogenic risk could be accepted and some measures could be considered to be taken to reduce the carcinogenic risk.

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Study of the variation of haloacetic acids in a simulated water distribution network

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2018.055 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 88-96

Author(s):

Rojacques Mompremier ◽

Óscar Arturo Fuentes Mariles ◽

José Elías Becerril Bravo ◽

Kebreab Ghebremichael

Keyword(s):

Distribution System ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Water Distribution Network ◽

Organic Content ◽

Chlorine Concentration ◽

Haloacetic Acids ◽

Feed Water ◽

Pipe Material ◽

Pipe Materials

Abstract This paper presents the analysis of the variation of haloacetic acids (HAAs) for different pipe materials in a distribution system. The work involved an experimental study on a simulated distribution system assembled in the Hydraulic Laboratory of the Engineering Institute at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (Instituto de Ingeniería UNAM). Two different scenarios were investigated based on different pipe materials, variation of temperature and initial chlorine concentrations (4.0 and 4.5 mg/L). Feed water with varying amounts of organic content was dosed with varying amounts of chlorine concentration. Water samples were collected from different locations in the distribution system and analyzed for physicochemical properties and HAAs determination. The results of this research demonstrated that the concentration of HAAs in the different segments of the distribution systems varied depending on pipe material, initial chlorine concentration, pH, residence time and the presence of natural organic matter.

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APPLICATION OF GIS FOR THE DESIGN OF POTABLE WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IN IIRS

ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-5-87-2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol IV-5 ◽

pp. 87-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

V. Shrivastava ◽

A. Jaiswal ◽

P. K. Thakur ◽

S. P. Agarwal ◽

P. Kumar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Distribution System ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Potable Water ◽

Water Distribution Network ◽

Distribution Networks ◽

Google Earth ◽

Base Layer ◽

Pipe Network ◽

Alos Palsar ◽

Pipe Line

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The design and analysis of potable water distribution pipe network is one of the major task while planning any new city. Even finding the effectiveness and detecting any anomaly in the existing pipe line network is a very important to cut down losses and make a network all time efficient. This study makes an attempt to evaluate the existing water distribution network of Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS) and new pipe network to be developed under the master plan 2022. The new development induces an extra demand of 67634 litres per day (lpd). The Digital Globe image from Google Earth Pro is used for creating base layer and campus layout. ALOS PALSAR digital elevation model (DEM) is used to get elevation of nodes and tanks, which helps in alignment of pipes. Field survey was done for finding all the data necessary to make the database for input for EPANET 2.0. EPANET 2.0 pipe hydraulic model was used to test and design the existing and proposed potable water distribution pipe network. The results of evaluation of current operations show that the system can be made capable to fulfil the demand by increasing pumping time. But the future network operation requires an increase in pumping capability of 71 litre per minute (lpm) for filling Overhead tank. This study proves that geospatial technology is an efficient, time and cost saving alternative to the traditional methods of design and evaluation of potable water distribution networks.</p>

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CT Scans of Asbestos Cement Pipes to Support the Development of Better Condition Assessments

Environmental Sciences Proceedings ◽

10.3390/environsciproc2020002011 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 11

Author(s):

Karel van Laarhoven ◽

Claudia Quintiliani

Keyword(s):

Water Distribution ◽

Water Distribution Network ◽

Ct Scans ◽

Pipe Material ◽

Water Utility ◽

Asbestos Cement ◽

Drinking Water Distribution ◽

X Ray Computed ◽

Condition Assessments ◽

Inspection Techniques

The Dutch drinking water distribution network consists roughly of 25% (around 30,000 km) asbestos cement pipes. This pipe material has a relatively high priority to be renewed and therefore received quite some attention when it comes to the development of condition assessments that help water utility experts to prioritize which of these pipes to replace first. In the presented work, X-ray computed tomography (CT) was used to measure the degradation of the asbestos cement (AC) pipes taken out of the field. The CT scans provide a highly detailed view of the pipe degradation. The insight provided by these images poses several questions with respect to some of the core assumptions of the condition models currently in use. Moreover, the comparison of CT results to those of non-destructive, in-line inspection techniques will provide a new avenue for the validation of these techniques and their usefulness for the Dutch water utilities.

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CT Scans of Asbestos Cement Pipes as a Reference for Condition Assessment of Water Mains

Water ◽

10.3390/w13172391 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (17) ◽

pp. 2391

Author(s):

Karel van Laarhoven ◽

Jip van Steen ◽

Frank van der Hulst ◽

Hector Hernandez Delgadillo

Keyword(s):

Water Distribution ◽

Poor Performance ◽

Water Distribution Network ◽

Condition Assessment ◽

Water Utilities ◽

Detailed Knowledge ◽

Pipe Material ◽

Detailed Measurement ◽

Asbestos Cement ◽

Water Mains

The water distribution network of The Netherlands contains around 30,000 km of asbestos cement (AC) pipes, which constitutes around 25% of the total network. As a pipe material, AC has a relatively poor performance, and therefore is a high priority for renewal. To help decide an effective order of replacement, the water utilities need condition assessment techniques that help them determine which pipes have the highest risk of failure. In the presented work, X-ray computed tomography (CT) was used to measure the degradation of AC pipes taken out of the field. These scans provide a description of the pipe degradation with unmatched detail. The results are compared with strength tests performed on the same pipes, revealing that detailed knowledge of the complete pipe degradation is more important than previously assumed. Moreover, comparison of the CT results to those of a commercial, non-destructive inspection technique was used as a new avenue for validation of this technique, demonstrating its future usefulness for attaining the detailed measurement of pipe degradation required by water utilities.

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