Dope Dyed Viscose Fibers from Black Liquor Treated Carbon Black

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Neelesh Bharti Shukla ◽  
Arati Varma ◽  
Esha Sharma ◽  
Preetika Sharma ◽  
Shrikant Ralebhat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Kraft Pulping ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Color Strength ◽  
Aqueous Dispersions ◽  
Viscose Fibers ◽  
Treated Carbon ◽  
Viscose Solution ◽  
Water Ratio

Black liquor (BL), a byproduct generated during the kraft pulping process, was used as a source of alkaline lignin (AL) to stabilize aqueous dispersions of carbon black (CB). Black liquor-treated carbon black (BL-CB) samples were prepared by varying the BL/CB/water ratio and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area. Improvement in dispersion of BL-CB with increased BL content was observed. The dope dyed viscose fibers were spun by addition of BL-CB to the viscose solution. These fibers exhibited deeper color strength than those obtained from conventional CB formulations at a comparable CB loading on the fiber.

Brownstock washing: A review of the literature

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICARDO B. SANTOS ◽  
PETER W. HART
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Material Balance ◽  
Kraft Pulping ◽  
Wash Water ◽  
Pulp Fibers ◽  
Kraft Process ◽  
Cooking Process ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Entrapped Air

Brownstock washing is a complex, dynamic process in which dirty wash water or weak black liquor (dissolved organic and inorganic material obtained from the pulp cooking process) is separated from pulp fibers. The use of material balance techniques is of great importance to identify potential problems and determine how well the system is operating. The kraft pulping industry was the first known to combine pulp washing with the recovery of materials used and produced in the wood cooking process. The motivation behind materials recovery is economic, and more recently, environmentally driven. The chemicals used in the kraft process are expensive as compared to those used in the sulfite process. For the kraft process to be economically viable, it is imperative that a very high percentage of the cooking chemicals be recovered. To reach such high efficiency, a variety of washing systems and monitoring parameters have been developed. Antifoam additives and processing aids have also played an important role in increasing washing effectiveness. Antifoam materials help attain washing effectiveness by preventing entrapped air from forming in the system, which allows for an easier, unimpeded flow of filtrate through the screens and washers.

scholarly journals Investigating Lignin-Derived Monomers and Oligomers in Low-Molecular-Weight Fractions Separated from Depolymerized Black Liquor Retentate by Membrane Filtration

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 2887
Author(s):  
Kena Li ◽  
Jens Prothmann ◽  
Margareta Sandahl ◽  
Sara Blomberg ◽  
Charlotta Turner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Kraft Pulping ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Chemical Complexity

Base-catalyzed depolymerization of black liquor retentate (BLR) from the kraft pulping process, followed by ultrafiltration, has been suggested as a means of obtaining low-molecular-weight (LMW) compounds. The chemical complexity of BLR, which consists of a mixture of softwood and hardwood lignin that has undergone several kinds of treatment, leads to a complex mixture of LMW compounds, making the separation of components for the formation of value-added chemicals more difficult. Identifying the phenolic compounds in the LMW fractions obtained under different depolymerization conditions is essential for the upgrading process. In this study, a state-of-the-art nontargeted analysis method using ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to high-resolution multiple-stage tandem mass spectrometry (UHPSFC/HRMSn) combined with a Kendrick mass defect-based classification model was applied to analyze the monomers and oligomers in the LMW fractions separated from BLR samples depolymerized at 170–210 °C. The most common phenolic compound types were dimers, followed by monomers. A second round of depolymerization yielded low amounts of monomers and dimers, while a high number of trimers were formed, thought to be the result of repolymerization.

Probing the molecular weights of sweetgum and pine kraft lignin fractions

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 381-391
Author(s):  
JULIANA M. JARDIM ◽  
PETER W. HART ◽  
LUCIAN LUCIA ◽  
HASAN JAMEEL
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Kraft Pulping ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Lignin Recovery ◽  
Lignin Reactivity ◽  
Kinetics Of

The present investigation undertook a systematic investigation of the molecular weight (MW) of kraft lignins throughout the pulping process to establish a correlation between MW and lignin recovery at different extents of the kraft pulping process. The evaluation of MW is crucial for lignin characterization and utilization, since it is known to influence the kinetics of lignin reactivity and its resultant physicochemical properties. Sweetgum and pine lignins precipitated from black liquor at different pHs (9.5 and 2.5) and different extents of kraft pulping (30–150 min) were the subject of this effort. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was used to deter- mine the number average molecular weight (Mn), mass average molecular weight (Mw), and polydispersity of the lignin samples. It was shown that the MW of lignins from both feedstocks follow gel degradation theory; that is, at the onset of the kraft pulping process low molecular weightlignins were obtained, and as pulping progressed, the molecular weight peaked and subsequently decreased. An important finding was that acetobromination was shown to be a more effective derivatization technique for carbohydrates containing lignins than acetylation, the technique typically used for derivatization of lignin.

Chemically treated carbon black waste and its potential applications

2017 ◽  
Vol 321 ◽  
pp. 62-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengwei Dong ◽  
Thawatchai Maneerung ◽  
Wei Cheng Ng ◽  
Xu Zhen ◽  
Yanjun Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Chemically Treated ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Treated Carbon

scholarly journals Estimation of energy efficiency of kraft pulp production with the exergy increment method

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-11
Author(s):  
Р. V. Lukanin
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Kraft Pulping ◽  
Flue Gases ◽  
Flow Chart ◽  
Lime Kiln ◽  
System A ◽  
Recovery Boilers

This article contains results of exergic analysis of kraft pulping flow chart. The results of exergic balances of main kraft pulping processes such as alkali recovery at recovery boilers, black liquor evaporation, chips cooking, lime decarbonation are considered in details in the article. The analysis of the process flow chart makes it possible to determine the bottlenecks in the use of heat energy and to substantiate principal lines for increasing energy efficiency of the processes under study. A main share of the exergy expended in the existing pulping process is due to alkali recovery in the recovery boiler and comprises 70% of the total exergy available in the system. A procedure of hydrothermal production of chemicals in the process of kraft pulping is studied. A schematic diagram and analysis of heat technique of the kraft pulping process which in fact consists of organic component removal from black liquor through its autoclave carbonation with flue gases releasing from lime kiln at the temperature 80-90 oC are given in the article. The removal of organic components under these conditions can reach 70 %. In the studied version the exergic efficiency ηe = 80 % is considerably higher than that of the flow chart existing for chemicals recovery which is equal to ηe = 48 %. This is the evidence of high energy efficiency of the method developed.

INVESTIGATION OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF HEAT-TREATED CARBON BLACKS AND Pt/C CATALYSTS

2002 ◽  
Vol 09 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 1443-1452 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. HUANG ◽  
Z. T. XIONG ◽  
J. Y. LIN ◽  
K. L. TAN
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Electrochemical Behavior ◽  
Catalyst Support ◽  
Carbon Surface ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Platinum Particles ◽  
Electro Oxidation ◽  
Treated Carbon ◽  
Xps Study

In this paper we report the electrochemical behavior of heat-treated carbon blacks and Pt/C catalysts. Cyclic voltammetry indicates that the heat-treated carbon black as catalyst support does not improve the Pt/C catalyst's activity for methanol oxidation. An XPS study of a Pt-loaded carbon black indicates that the amounts of oxidized platinum and oxygen-functional groups on catalysts are decreased when the platinum particles are deposited on the heat-treated carbon surface. These changes in the surface and crystalline structural properties of carbon materials lead to the catalytic activity change in methanol electro-oxidation.

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