scholarly journals Types of Generalization Made by Pupils Aged 12–13 and by Their Future Mathematics Teachers

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-52
Author(s):  
Mária Slavíčková
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
University Students ◽  
Mathematics Teachers ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Algebraic Reasoning ◽  
First Year ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Didactical Situations ◽  
Limited Scope ◽  
Theory Of Didactical Situations

This paper seeks to establish what kind of arguments pupils (aged 12–13) use and how they make their assumptions and generalizations. Our research also explored the same phenomenon in the case of graduate mathematics teachers studying for their masters’ degrees in our faculty at that time. The main focus was on algebraic reasoning, in particular pattern exploring and expressing regularities in numbers. In this paper, we introduce the necessary concepts and notations used in the study, briefly characterize the theoretical levels of cognitive development and terms from the Theory of Didactical Situations. We set out to answer three research questions. To collect the research data, we worked with a group of 32 pupils aged 12–13 and 19 university students (all prospective mathematics teachers in the first year of their master’s). We assigned them two flexible tasks to and asked them to explain their findings/formulas. Besides that, we collected additional (supportive) data using a short questionnaire. The supporting data concerned their opinions on the tasks and the explanations. The results and limited scope of the research indicated what should be changed in preparing future mathematics teachers. These changes could positively influence the pupils’ strategies of solving not only flexible tasks but also their ability to  generalize.

scholarly journals The Role Of ‘Think-Pair-Share’ In Enhancing the Moroccan University Students’ Speaking Skills in Online Classes

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
Mounia Benjelloun
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
University Students ◽  
First Year ◽  
Online Classes ◽  
Interactive Communication ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Speaking Assessment ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Speaking Skills

Speaking English as a foreign language presents one of the most common challenges for learners of English due to many factors related to their perception of the teacher as “a sage on the stage,” their own shyness, a lack of appropriate vocabulary and accurate grammar, and a lack of cooperative learning skills. To help students remedy this problem, the Think-Pair-Share’ strategy was used in this study of online classes during the COVID 19 pandemic. Research has demonstrated that learners can improve their speaking skills and learn more effectively through meaningful collaboration and sharing. This study aims to investigate the role of the Think-Pair-Share’ approach in promoting students’ speaking skills. The study adopts a qualitative approach and addresses the following two research questions: (i) To what extent does the Think-Pair- Share help in improving students’ speaking skills? (ii) How can this improvement be justified? Twenty-eight first-year Moroccan university students took part in this study. The research instruments used combined pre- and post-speaking tests, students’ self-evaluation, and classroom observations. Data were video recorded, analysed qualitatively using the FCE speaking-assessment criteria, and compared to the students’ self- evaluation of their own performance. The results show that the Think-Pair-Share strategy enabled predominantly average and weak students to exchange their views on a range of familiar topics with more ease, confidence, and fluency using more appropriate vocabulary and a clearer organisation of ideas. Although the learners still had problems with their pronunciation and accurate grammar, they demonstrated better interactive communication.

Mathematical Thinking and Learning Through Robotics Play for Children With Critical Illness: The Case of Amelia

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Nickels ◽  
Craig J. Cullen
Keyword(s):  
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Critical Illness ◽  
Critically Ill ◽  
Mathematical Thinking ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Didactical Situations ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Theory Of Didactical Situations

A 14-year-old child with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia participated in 52 weeks of robotics task-based interviews. We present 3 of her tasks from Weeks 1, 20, and 46 along with an overview of the complete 52 weeks. We compare the data from the tasks to Brousseau's (1997) Theory of Didactical Situations of Mathematics to answer our research questions: Can robotics play support the devolution of a fundamental situation to an adidactic situation of mathematics for children who are critically ill? When children with critical illness engage in robotics play, what are the key features of the robotics phenomenon that support devolution to an adidactic situation? We found evidence of the robotics supporting the devolution of a fundamental situation to an adidactic situation of mathematics in each robotics task and evidence of 4 key features (thick authenticity, feedback enabling autonomy, connectivity, and competence) of robotics play that support this devolution.

scholarly journals A review of ETS's Criterion online writing program for student compositions

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Robert Long
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Student Writing ◽  
First Year ◽  
Online Writing ◽  
Writing Evaluation ◽  
Japanese University ◽  
School Year ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Marginal Improvement ◽  
Academic Year

This study will report on the findings of first-year Japanese university students using ETS's Criterion© Online Writing Evaluation Service. The study focused on two research questions: (1) were there important differences in ETS's computerized feedback and teacher feedback, and (2) was there any improvement in student writing over the school year? For the 2012-2013 academic year, students wrote six compositions. Results indicate that teachers tended to focus on meaning, whereas computerized feedback centered on grammatical and stylistic issues. As for student progress, only four specific areas showed any marginal improvement: confused words, spelling, missing commas, and too many short sentences, indicating that students became slightly better at expressing meaning and in using punctuation more effectively. The data indicate there were some drawbacks with ETS's computerized feedback evaluating meaning and organization of ideas, but that it was helpful in evaluating some aspects of grammar, mechanics, usage, and style. 本論は日本の大学1年生を対象にETSのCriterionオンライン作文ソフトを使用した結果をまとめ、次の2つの問いについて論じたものである。すなわち、（1）ETSのコンピュータによるフィードバックと教員によるフィードバックに重大な差が存在するか、（2）1年を通して学生の作文に改善がみられたか、である。（1）については、2012年度に6回の作文を分析した結果、教員のフィードバックが意味に注目しがちなのに対して、コンピュータのフィードバックは文法的、文体的問題を主に扱っていることが判明した。（2）については、4つの領域（語の混同、スペリング、コンマの欠如、頻出する短文）においてのみ、わずかな改善がみられた。ここから考えられるのは、学生が意味表現でわずかながら改善し、句読点をより効果的に使用できるようになったということである。結論として、使用したデータによると、ＥＴＳのコンピュータによるフィードバックは、意味や概念の整理について評価する際に欠点を露呈している。ただ、文法、構造、用法、文体のいくつかの面を評価するのには役立つものであると言える。

多肢選択式項目の項目形式が文法テストパフォーマンスに与える影響について - The Effects of Multiple-Choice Item Formats on Grammar Test Performance

2010 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
孝昭 熊澤
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Variance Components ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
First Year ◽  
Generalizability Coefficient ◽  
Multiple Choice Item ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Generalizability Study ◽  
First Year University

Item formats are a facet of testing that influences examinees’ test performance. In this study, six types of item formats were adopted, and 55 multiple-choice grammar items were developed and administered to 608 first-year university students for placement and diagnostic purposes. The research questions were: to what extent do items function for placement and diagnostic purposes, to what extent do item formats differ in terms of difficulty, to what extent do item formats contribute to the total score variance, and to what extent is the grammar test reliable. Based on the item analyses, most items functioned for placement and diagnostic purposes. FACETS analysis revealed that the six item formats differed in terms of difficulty. The generalizability study showed that 3% of the variance components was due to the item formats. The decision study indicated that the generalizability coefficient and dependability index were satisfactory for placement and diagnostic purposes. Based on the results, implications are discussed. 項目形式はテストパフォーマンスに影響する一つの要因だといわれている。本研究では6種類の項目形式を用いて55項目の多肢選択式項目を文法テストとして作成し、608名の大学一年生にプレイスメントテストと診断テストとして実施した結果を報告する。研究目的は、項目の機能、項目形式の困難度、項目形式などの分散成分の割合、文法テストの信頼性の検証である。項目分析の結果、ほとんどの項目がプレイスメントと診断テストの項目として機能していたことがわかった。FACETS分析の結果、6種類の多肢選択式項目の形式はそれぞれ困難度が異なることがわかった。一般化可能性研究の結果、項目形式の違いによって生じた分散成分が若干あり、文法テストパフォーマンスに影響する要因であることも明らかとなった。決定研究の結果、一般化可能性係数は.81で、信頼度指数は.75であった。上述の結果を踏まえ、教育的示唆について論じた。

THE INSTRUMENT TO MEASURE ENGLISH PROFICIENCY OF THE PROSPECTIVE EMPLOYEES: BETWEEN TOEFL AND TOEIC

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Besin Gaspar ◽  
Yenny Hartanto
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Proficiency Test ◽  
English Proficiency ◽  
Job Applicants ◽  
First Year ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
Recruitment Process ◽  
New Employees ◽  
The University ◽  
Higher Institutions

Recently the university students are required by their institutions to have the TOEFL score in the fisrt year or in the last year of their study before graduation. Some other higher institutions require their students to submit TOEIC, not TOEFL, before graduation. Companies, in the recruitment process, require the applicants to submit TOEFL score to show their level of English proficiency. The first question is which one is more appropriate for job applicants in the compay: TOEFL  or TOEIC. Another question for university students before graduation is whether to have TOEFL  in the first year or in the last year before graduation. This article aims at answering the two questions raised. The first part will give an overview of various versions of TOEFL  and  TOEIC  and the second part proposes the appropriate English proficiency test  for the recruitment process for new employees and for the university graduates, that is, TOEIC for the company  and TOEFL  for universities  and  colleges. 

ANALISA ALAT PERMAINAN EDUKATIF ANAK

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-96
Author(s):  
Wiyogo
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Engineering Education ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Mechanical Engineering ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Educational Game ◽  
User Needs ◽  
Initial Questionnaire ◽  
Design And Manufacturing ◽  
Index Value

Abstrak: Alat permainan edukatif memiliki manfaat penting dalam perkembangan kognitif anak, keterampilan motorik, dan kebugaran anak. Desain dan pembuatan yang dilakukan di Laboratorium Pendidikan Teknik Mesin Universitas Palangka Raya perlu dianalisis untuk mengetahui sejauh mana alat ini berguna. Hal pertama yang harus dilakukan adalah mempelajari literatur dan kemudian mengidentifikasi variabel penelitian yang bertujuan mendapatkan gambaran tentang apa yang dibutuhkan pengguna. Dari hasil kuesioner awal, tiga variabel diperoleh, yaitu desain, permainan mudah, dan keamanan. Data penelitian lebih lanjut yang telah diperoleh dengan nilai indeks dari produk yang diperoleh adalah 94,83%.   Abstract: Educational game tools have important benefits in a child's cognitive development, motor skills, and children's fitness. The design and manufacturing done at the Mechanical Engineering Education Laboratory of Palangka Raya University needs to be analyzed to find out how far the tool is useful. The first thing to do is to study the literature and then identify research variables aimed at getting a picture of what the user needs. From the results of the initial questionnaire, three variables were obtained, namely design, easy game and safety. Further research data that have been obtained with an index value of the products obtained are 94.83%.

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