scholarly journals Adaptive changes in the ornithine cycle and amino acid synthesis in sheep liver with different meat productivity

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. s632-s645
Author(s):  
Tetiana Prylipko ◽  
Tetiana Koval ◽  
Volodymyr Kostash ◽  
Volodymyr Tkachuk ◽  
Alina Shuliar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Sharp Drop ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Liver Homogenates

The aim of the research was to study the ornithine cycle as the process of fixing ammonia and the formation of urea in the body of highly productive animals. In our experiments, we used a protein-deficient diet and urea as a nitrogen substitute for nitrogen-containing materials in the diet to reveal the mechanism of action of urea on animals, in particular on the biochemical processes of the ornithine cycle. There are some differences between Bukovinian sheep of the Askanian meat-wool breed and outbreds in terms of the ability to build muscle tissue. Our study reveals that the slaughter yield and the average daily gain consumption of Bukovinian-type meat of the Askanian meat-wool breed were higher in summer and in autumn, compare with purebred sheep. Sheep of the Bukovynian type of Askanian meat-wool breed have the intensity of enzymatic formation of urea in liver homogenates that is much higher in all experiments than in outbred sheep. A sharp drop in the activity of all stages of urea formation and glutamic acid synthesis in liver homogenates and significantly weakened urea formation was found in all experiments of the fourth series in comparison with the experiments in the third series. Increased muscle growth, high nitrogen deposition, and a much lower percentage of urinary excretion of ammonia and urea nitrogen, as well as higher activity of enzymes of the ornithine cycle and glutamic acid synthesis in the Bukovinian sheep type of Askanian meat-wool breed compared to outbreeds allow concluding that ammonia and urea in highly productive animals act less as finishing products of nitrogen metabolism than in low-productive animals.

scholarly journals Occurrence and significance of folic acid

Pteridines ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Cieślik ◽  
Iwona Cieślik
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Neural Tube Closure ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Chemical Factors ◽  
Physical And Chemical

AbstractFolic acid is a naturally occurring pteridine, which was originally isolated from plants. Folic acid (pteroyl-glutamic acid) is composed of pteridine (6-methylptero), p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and glutamic acid. Folic acid (folacin) is a compound of major importance for the proper functioning of the human body. Its adequate supply is essential for the proper course of many biochemical processes in the body, including the process of neural tube closure in the fetus, DNA and amino acid synthesis, growth of red blood cells, and the function of the nervous system. Folic acid is a compound of a high sensitivity to physical and chemical factors, and its bioavailability is limited by interactions with multiple food components. Therefore, folate deficiency is one of the most common deficiencies. This paper presents the structure and characteristics of folic acid as a pteridine, it also discusses dietary sources of folate and the effects of its deficiency.

scholarly journals Microbial amino acid synthesis and utilization in rats: the role of coprophagy

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 701-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Torrallardona ◽  
C. Ian Harris ◽  
Malcolm F. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
The Body ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
N Enrichment ◽  
Fermentable Carbohydrates

Four rats were housed in cages with mesh floors; another four rats were housed in tubular anti-coprophagy cages, in which they could not turn round to reach their own faeces. Both groups were fed for 6 d on a low-protein diet containing fermentable carbohydrates and 15NH4Cl. At the end of the experiment the rats were killed and their carcasses were homogenized, lysine was isolated by ion-exchange chromatography and its 15N enrichment measured by isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. The 15N enrichment in the lysine of the microbial fraction of faeces and the total amount of lysine in the body were also determined in order to estimate the amount of microbial lysine absorbed. The 15N enrichment in body lysine of non-coprophagic rats was not different from that previously measured in rats given unlabelled NH4Cl, but in coprophagic rats it was significantly higher. The daily absorption of microbial lysine by the coprophagic rats accounted for 20·7 (SE 2·55) mg/kg body weight0·75 but was only 0·5 (SE 1·04) mg/kg body weight0·75 for the non-coprophagic rats. This value was not significantly different from zero. The utilization of microbial amino acids via coprophagy resulted in a higher weight gain (adjusted for intake) in the coprophagic group (15·5 g/6 d) than in the non-coprophagic rats (3·1 g/6 d). It was concluded that, in rats, the utilization of microbial lysine occurred exclusively via coprophagy.

scholarly journals Microbial amino acid synthesis and utilization in rats: incorporation of15N from15NH4Cl into lysine in the tissues of germ-free and conventional rats

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 689-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Torrallardona ◽  
C. Ian Harris ◽  
Marie E. Coates ◽  
Malcolm F. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
The Body ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
N Enrichment ◽  
Fermentable Carbohydrates ◽  
Measurement Artifact ◽  
Protein Free Diet

The absorption of lysine synthesised by the gastrointestinal microflora was estimated by comparing the15N incorporated into body lysine in four germ-free (15N-GF) and four conventional (15N-CV) rats. They were fed for 10d on a protein-free diet containing fermentable carbohydrates and15NHM4Cl; another four conventional rats (control), fed on the same diet but with unlabelled NH4Cl, were used to estimate the natural abundance of15N. The eviscerated carcass of each rat was homogenized and a sample hydrolysed. Lysine was isolated by ion-exchange chromatography and its15N enrichment was measured by isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. The15N-CV rats significantly incorporated15N into their body lysine. The15N-GF rats had a statistically significant, although small, incorporation of15body lysine, probably arising from a measurement artifact. It was concluded, therefore, that all [15N]lysine was of microbial origin. The total lysine content in the body and the15N enrichment of lysine in the microbial fraction of the faeces of the15N-CV rats were also determined. The amount of microbial lysine absorbed by the15N-CV rats was estimated by dividing the total amount of [15N]lysine in the body by the enrichment of microbial lysine. It was estimated that the daily absorption of microbial lysine by the conventional rats was 21·3 (SE 2·04) mg/kg body weight0·75

ChemInform Abstract: Stereospecific Amino Acid Synthesis. Preparation of the γ-Anion Derived from Glutamic Acid.

ChemInform ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 19 (46) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. BALDWIN ◽  
M. NORTH ◽  
A. FLINN ◽  
M. G. MOLONEY
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis

Urea utilization by rabbits fed a low-protein ration

1963 ◽  
Vol 205 (6) ◽  
pp. 1144-1150 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Richard Houpt
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Low Protein

Utilization of urea by adult rabbits fed straw, carrots, and sucrose was investigated. 1) In a 24-hr period following intravenous injection of 290 mg urea-N/kg body wt., part of the exogenous urea was excreted in urine and part was stored in body fluids; the remainder could not be accounted for and was presumed utilized in amino acid synthesis. An average of 212 ± 54 (sd) mg urea-N were utilized in eight such experiments (control urea-N excretion was 151 mg/day). Urea given per os over several days was also utilized. 2) When drinking water was removed, utilization of urea given per os, as reflected in nitrogen balance, increased; or, if no urea was given, nitrogen excretion decreased. 3) Antibacterial agents per os reduced exogenous urea utilization; or, if no urea was given, urea excretion increased, representing endogenous urea normally utilized (up to 40% of that formed in the body). 4) In acute experiments, blood urea moved into the saline-filled cecum at rates commensurate with the rates of utilization found in the other experiments. It was concluded that adult rabbits under these conditions can utilize urea at rates significant in nitrogen metabolism.

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of ‘essential’ amino acids by scleractinian corals

1997 ◽  
Vol 322 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa M. FITZGERALD ◽  
Alina M. SZMANT
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Reef Coral ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Acropora Cervicornis ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Protein Amino Acids

Animals rely on their diet for amino acids that they are incapable either of synthesizing or of synthesizing in sufficient quantities to meet metabolic needs. These are the so-called ‘essential amino acids’. This set of amino acids is similar among the vertebrates and many of the invertebrates. Previously, no information was available for amino acid synthesis by the most primitive invertebrates, the Cnidaria. The purpose of this study was to examine amino acid synthesis by representative cnidarians within the Order Scleractinia. Three species of zooxanthellate reef coral, Montastraea faveolata, Acropora cervicornis and Porites divaricata, and two species of non-zooxanthellate coral, Tubastrea coccinea and Astrangia poculata, were incubated with 14C-labelled glucose or with the 14C-labelled amino acids glutamic acid, lysine or valine. Radiolabel tracer was followed into protein amino acids. A total of 17 amino acids, including hydroxyproline, were distinguishable by the techniques used. Of these, only threonine was not found radiolabelled in any of the samples. We could not detect tryptophan or cysteine, nor distinguish between the amino acid pairs glutamic acid and glutamine, or aspartic acid and asparagine. Eight amino acids normally considered essential for animals were made by the five corals tested, although some of them were made only in small quantities. These eight amino acids are valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine histidine, methionine and lysine. The ability of cnidarians to synthesize these amino acids could be yet another indicator of a separate evolutionary history of the cnidarians from the rest of the Metazoa.

Burnout of the Mind – Burnout of the Body?

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Traunmüller ◽  
Kerstin Gaisbachgrabner ◽  
Helmut Karl Lackner ◽  
Andreas R. Schwerdtfeger
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Allostatic Load ◽  
Maslach Burnout Inventory ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Urinary Catecholamines ◽  
Morning Cortisol ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Cortisol Increase

Abstract. In the present paper we investigate whether patients with a clinical diagnosis of burnout show physiological signs of burden across multiple physiological systems referred to as allostatic load (AL). Measures of the sympathetic-adrenergic-medullary (SAM) axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis were assessed. We examined patients who had been diagnosed with burnout by their physicians (n = 32) and were also identified as burnout patients based on their score in the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) and compared them with a nonclinical control group (n = 19) with regard to indicators of allostatic load (i.e., ambulatory ECG, nocturnal urinary catecholamines, salivary morning cortisol secretion, blood pressure, and waist-to-hip ratio [WHR]). Contrary to expectations, a higher AL index suggesting elevated load in several of the parameters of the HPA and SAM axes was found in the control group but not in the burnout group. The control group showed higher norepinephrine values, higher blood pressure, higher WHR, higher sympathovagal balance, and lower percentage of cortisol increase within the first hour after awakening as compared to the patient group. Burnout was not associated with AL. Results seem to indicate a discrepancy between self-reported burnout symptoms and psychobiological load.

Influence of increased nutrient supply on Microcystis aeruginosa at cellular and proteomic levels

2020 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 47-58
Author(s):  
Y Jiang ◽  
Y Liu
Keyword(s):  
Microcystis Aeruginosa ◽  
Regulatory Protein ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Comprehensive Description ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
High Nutrient ◽  
Proteomic Responses

Various studies have observed that increased nutrient supply promotes the growth of bloom-forming cyanobacteria, but only a limited number of studies have investigated the influence of increased nutrient supply on bloom-forming cyanobacteria at the proteomic level. We investigated the cellular and proteomic responses of Microcystis aeruginosa to elevated nitrogen and phosphorus supply. Increased supply of both nutrients significantly promoted the growth of M. aeruginosa and the synthesis of chlorophyll a, protein, and microcystins. The release of microcystins and the synthesis of polysaccharides negatively correlated with the growth of M. aeruginosa under high nutrient levels. Overexpressed proteins related to photosynthesis, and amino acid synthesis, were responsible for the stimulatory effects of increased nutrient supply in M. aeruginosa. Increased nitrogen supply directly promoted cyanobacterial growth by inducing the overexpression of the cell division regulatory protein FtsZ. NtcA, that regulates gene transcription related to both nitrogen assimilation and microcystin synthesis, was overexpressed under the high nitrogen condition, which consequently induced overexpression of 2 microcystin synthetases (McyC and McyF) and promoted microcystin synthesis. Elevated nitrogen supply induced the overexpression of proteins involved in gas vesicle organization (GvpC and GvpW), which may increase the buoyancy of M. aeruginosa. Increased phosphorus level indirectly affected growth and the synthesis of cellular substances in M. aeruginosa through the mediation of differentially expressed proteins related to carbon and phosphorus metabolism. This study provides a comprehensive description of changes in the proteome of M. aeruginosa in response to an increased supply of 2 key nutrients.

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