6 The Pan-Mayan motion verbs

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-90
Keyword(s):  
Author(s):  
Judith Huber

Chapter 6 begins with an overview of the language contact situation with (Anglo-) French and Latin, resulting in large-scale borrowing in the Middle English period. The analysis of 465 Middle English verbs used to express intransitive motion shows that there are far more French/Latin loans in the path verbs than in the other motion verbs. The range of (new) manner of motion verbs testifies to the manner salience of Middle English: caused motion verbs are also found in intransitive motion meanings, as are French loans which do not have motion uses in continental French. Their motion uses in Anglo-Norman are discussed in terms of contact influence of Middle English. The analysis of motion expression in different texts yields a picture similar to the situation in Old English, with path typically expressed in satellites, and neutral as well as manner of motion verbs being most frequent, depending on text type.


Author(s):  
Judith Huber

Chapter 2 provides an introduction to the motion encoding typology as proposed by Talmy, Slobin, and others (manner- and path-conflating languages, different types of framing and their concomitant characteristics). It argues that this typology is highly compatible with a construction grammar framework, points out the differences, and shows that particularly from the diachronic perspective taken in this study, the constructionist approach has advantages over the originally lexicalist approach of the motion typology. The chapter also provides a discussion of the different categories of motion verbs used in this study (manner verbs, path verbs, neutral motion verbs, and verbs that do not evoke a motion event on their own, but can receive a contextual motion reading).


2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natsuko Tsujimura

Kita (1999) compares Japanese and English Enter/Exit verbs in spatial expressions, and argues that Japanese Enter/Exit verbs lack semantic encoding of motion. He claims that this runs counter to the view which considers motion and location to be primitives in the semantics of spatial expressions; instead, he proposes that discrete change of state should be included in the set of primitives. In this reply,I will first show that Kita’s evidence does not support lack of motion in Japanese Enter/Exit verbs, but that instead these verbs do pattern with motion verbs in the language, where conflation of motion is not disputable. I finally demonstrate that Kita’s claim about change of state may be well taken, but it should be put in a larger context of regular polysemy.


Author(s):  
Remus Gergel ◽  
Martin Kopf-Giammanco

Abstract The goal of this article is to diagnose a verbal construction which has made it to common use in Austrian German and is typically unknown to many speakers of Federal German who have not been exposed to Austrian German. This construction is based on the verb gehen (‘go’) conjoined by a particle and the reflexive. An argument for its analysis as a degree-based sufficiency construction is developed, which is constructed by extending existing approaches in the literature on enough constructions and suggesting a meaning of the construction at hand, which is presuppositional in multiple respects. The results of diachronic corpus searches as well as the significance of the results of this work for the space of possibilities of the semantic change of motion verbs are discussed.


2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maaike Beliën,

AbstractDutch manner of motion verbs play a prominent role in the literature on unaccusativity. As these verbs can take both hebben ‘have’ and zijn ‘be’ as their perfective auxiliaries, they are considered to show both unergative and unaccusative behavior. The general consensus is that these verbs normally take hebben, yet occur with zijn if they are ‘telicized’ by an endpoint, and that the auxiliaries are diagnostics for the syntactic status of prepositional phrases (PPs). The paper presents attested data that reveal that this generalization is untenable: there are examples that take the opposite auxiliary from what the generalization predicts. To account for the full set of data, the paper takes a cognitive-grammar perspective, arguing that auxiliary choice, telicity and syntactic status of PPs are independent issues requiring their own explanations. Auxiliary choice is analyzed in terms of alternate construals of a motion event: with hebben as a type of act and with zijn as a change of location. In this manner, the paper adds to a growing body of literature that questions the usefulness of the coarse unergative–unaccusative distinction, advocating a ‘local analysis’ instead.


2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stavros Skopeteas

AbstractClassical Latin is a free word order language, i.e., the order of the constituents is determined by information structure rather than by syntactic rules. This article presents a corpus study on the word order of locative constructions and shows that the choice between a Theme-first and a Locative-first order is influenced by the discourse status of the referents. Furthermore, the corpus findings reveal a striking impact of the syntactic construction: complements of motion verbs do not have the same ordering preferences with complements of static verbs and adjuncts. This finding supports the view that the influence of discourse status on word order is indirect, i.e., it is mediated by information structural domains.


2007 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tore Nesset

This paper investigates the path image schema in Russian motion verbs. It is argued that this image schema provides a principled explanation why Russian has a contrast between unidirectional and non-directional unprefixed motion verbs, but no such contrast for prefixed verbs.


2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iraide Ibarretxe-Antuñano

AbstractThe concept of motion is present in all the world’s languages. However, the ways in which speakers of different languages codify motion do not seem to be so universal. Languages offer different types of structures to express motion, and speakers pay attention to different elements within the motion event. The goal of this paper is to examine in great detail how motion events are described and expressed in Basque oral and written narratives. This study focuses on three main areas: motion verbs, elaboration of Manner and elaboration of Path. Although Basque can be classified in Talmy’s terms as a verb-framed language, it is argued that it is not a prototypical example of this group with respect to the lexicalisation of Path. Unlike other verb-framed languages, the description of Path in Basque motion events is very frequent and detailed, not only in situations when it adds new information, but also in pleonastic cases. This characteristic seems to be related to Basque’s rich lexical resources for motion and space, as well as to its high tolerance for verb omission. On the basis of these data, the scope of Talmy’s binary typology is questioned. It is suggested that the verb- and satellite-framed language typology should be revised in order to account for these intra-typological differences.


Virittäjä ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Niva

Artikkelissa tarkastellaan olla menossa-, olla tulossa- ja olla lähdössä-rakenteiden sekä niiden infinitiivillisten varianttien olla menemässä, olla tulemassa ja olla lähtemässä (yhteisesti olla V-ssA) käyttöä vanhassa kirjasuomessa ja varhaisnykysuomessa. Erityisenä huomion kohteena on rakenteiden käyttö ilmaisuissa, jotka saavat futuurisia piirteitä. Artikkelissa osoitetaan, että intentioiden ja ennakoinnin ilmaisufunktiosta on nähtävissä viitteitä jo vanhassa kirjasuomessa (noin vuosina 1540–1810) ja varhaisnykysuomessa (noin vuosina 1810–1880). Keskeisiä tekijöitä intentioiden ja ennakoinnin merkityksen rakentumisessa ovat liike- ja aspektisemantiikka, progressiivisuus sekä tulla-verbin osalta myös näkökulmaisuus ja toisen käden tieto. Odotuksenmukaisesti kontekstilla on merkityksen muodostumisessa tärkeä rooli. Olla V-ssA -rakennetta ja sen käytön kehitystä tarkastellaan artikkelissa konstruktiokieliopin näkökulmasta. Mennä-, tulla- ja lähteä-verbillisillä rakenteilla on sekä niitä yhdistäviä että erottavia piirteitä. Lisäksi verbikohtaiset rakenteet voidaan käyttönsä puolesta jaotella vielä eri tyyppeihin. Tällainen alatyyppi on esimerkiksi tulla-verbillisen olla V-ssA -rakenteen käyttö luonto- ja abstraktisubjektillisissa ilmaisuissa (Talvi on ­tulossa; Onnellisemmat ajat näyttää siellä olevan tulossa). Tärkeä tekijä futuurisuuden merkityksen kehityksessä onkin myös konstruktioiden keskinäinen vuorovaikutus eli ne yhteydet, jotka kielenkäyttäjät hahmottavat rakenteiden välille ja jotka vaikuttavat rakenteiden käyttöön ja tulkintaan.   ‘It seems that happier times are coming’: The progressive construction of motion verbs and its meanings in Old Literary Finnish and Early Modern Finnish The article deals with the usage of the olla V-ssA construction in Old Literary Finnish and Early Modern Finnish. Olla V-ssA consists of olla ‘be’ and either a deverbal noun or an infinitive based on a general motion verb in the inessive case (a local case) -ssA. The general motion verbs in question are mennä ‘go’, tulla ‘come’ and lähteä ‘leave’; the precise forms in question are olla menossa ~ menemässä ‘be going’, olla tulossa ~ tulemassa ‘be coming’ and olla lähdössä ~ lähtemässä ‘be leaving’. The focus is on usage whereby the construction implies a future-time reference. The article shows that the function of the olla V-ssA construction of expressing intention and prediction can be traced back to Old Literary Finnish (ca. 1540–1810) and Early Modern Finnish (ca. 1810–1880). The semantics of motion, aspectual features and progressivity are central factors in implying the future. In the case of the verb tulla ‘come’, the viewpoint and second-hand information also contribute to the construction of this implication. In addition, context plays an important role in constructing the meaning, as is to be expected. The olla V-ssA construction and the development of its usage are examined within the Construction Grammar framework. The constructions olla menossa ~ menemässä, olla tulossa ~ tulemassa and olla lähdössä ~ lähtemässä contain both common and individual features. In addition to this, these constructions can be divided into more specific types of usage, one being olla tulossa ~ tulemassa ‘be coming’, which occurs with a subject bearing an abstract or nature-related reference (e.g. Talvi on tulossa ‘Winter is coming’; Onnellisemmat ajat näyttää siellä olevan tulossa ‘It seems that happier times are coming’). The interaction of these constructions, i.e., the connections that language users perceive between the constructions, and the impact this has on the usage and interpretation of the constructions, seem to be key factors in the development of the future-time reference of the olla V-ssA construction.    


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