Spoken language and the history of do-periphrasis

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matti Rissanen
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Language ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals BULGARIAN VERNACULAR ACCENT PECULIARITIES IN DIALECTOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL REVIVAL PERIOD

2021 ◽  
pp. 56-65
Author(s):  
Maria MITSKOVA
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Valuable Contribution ◽  
Phonetic Feature ◽  
Word Stress ◽  
Disyllabic Words ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Field Area

The following article examines the accentual peculiarities in the Bulgarian vernacular from the second and third quarters of the 19th century as described in the dialectological publications from the same period. Bulgarian 19th-century writers go beyond the field area of recognizing and analyzing the phonetic nature of the Bulgarian dynamic accent and its effect on vowels and comment on a number of phonetic processes and phenomena, regarded as a result of the functioning of the word stress. They discuss the reduction of unstressed vowels in Eastern Bulgarian dialects, set out the Yat rule, and draw attention to the connection between Yat mutation and word stress. In their publications a number of accentual peculiarities are revealed, such as: the fixed secondary and tertiary stress in some Southwestern Bulgarian dialects, shifting the stress from the root syllable to the flexion in the definite forms of disyllabic words – a special phonetic feature in the mass of Southwestern and Rup Bulgarian dialects. In their attempts to present the diversity of the spoken language and to conceptualize it as a cultural value and a linguistic source, they present hundreds of examples which visualize the variety of local pronunciations, as well as the word-stock of the entire Bulgarian language. Their work is a valuable contribution both to the history of the Bulgarian vernacular and to the history of the Bulgarian dialectology from the 19th century.

scholarly journals A Scandinavian Island in a Slavonic Linguistic Environment. The Dialect of Gammalsvenskby: Nouns

Slovene ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-110
Author(s):  
Alexander E. Mankov
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The Village

This paper initiates a series of publications on the morphology of the dialect of Staroshvedskoye (Sw. Gammalsvenskby), which is the only surviving Scandinavian dialect on the territory of the former Soviet Union. The village of Staroshvedskoye is located in the Kherson region, Ukraine. Its Swedish dialect historically belongs to the group of Swedish dialects of Estonia and goes back to the dialect of the island of Dagö (Hiiumaa). The dialect of Gammalsvenskby is of interest to slavists as an example of a language island in the Slavonic environment. From around the 1950s, the main spoken language of all village residents, including dialect speakers, has been surzhik. Due to the complete lack of studies of the present-day dialect and because of the severe endangerment in which the dialect is currently situated, the most urgent task is to collect, classify and publish the factual material. This paper introduces comprehensive material on nouns in the conservative variety of the present-day dialect. It lists all masculine nouns of type 1a together with their cognates from Estonian Swedish dialects; comments on the history of the forms are given as well. The sources for the material presented here are interviews with speakers of the conservative variety of the dialect recorded by the author during fieldwork in the village from 2004 to 2012. We plan to publish nouns of other types in later articles.

scholarly journals Syntax, Prosody, Discourse and Information Structure: The case for Unipartite clauses — A View from Spoken Israeli Hebrew / Sintaxe, prosódia, discurso e estrutura informacional: o caso das orações unipartidas. Uma visão do hebraico falado em Israel

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 1675
Author(s):  
Shlomo Izre'el
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Clause Structure ◽  
Discourse Context ◽  
Structure Information ◽  
History Of Linguistics ◽  
Prosodic Boundaries ◽  
History Of ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

Abstract: The canonical view of clause requires that it include predication. Utterances that do not fit into this view because they lack a subject are usually regarded as elliptical or as non-sentential utterances. Adopting an integrative approach to the analysis of spoken language that includes syntax, prosody, discourse structure, and information structure, it is suggested that the only necessary and sufficient component constituting a clause is a predicate domain, carrying the informational load of the clause within the discourse context, including a “new” element in the discourse, carrying modality, and focused. Utterances that have not been hitherto analyzed as consisting of full clauses or sentences will be reevaluated. The utterance, being a discourse unit defined by prosodic boundaries, can thus be viewed as the default domain of a clause or a sentence, when the latter are determined according to the suggested integrative approach.Keywords: syntax; clause structure; information structure; discourse; context; prosody; utterance; history of linguistics; spoken Israeli Hebrew.Resumo: A posição canônica sobre as orações requer que elas contenham uma predição. Enunciados que não se encaixem nessa visão porque não possuem um sujeito são usualmente considerados elípticos ou como enunciados não-oracionais. Adotando uma visão integrativa para a análise da língua falada, que inclui a sintaxe, a prosódia, a estrutura discursiva e a estrutura informacional, sugere-se que o único componente constituinte necessário e suficiente para uma oração é um domínio predicativo, o qual carregue a carga informacional da oração no contexto do discurso, incluindo-se um “novo” elemento no discurso, que carregue modalidade e foco. Enunciados que até então foram classificados como não sendo orações ou sentenças completas serão reavaliados. O enunciado, sendo uma unidade discursiva definida por fronteiras prosódicas, pode assim ser visto como o domínio de uma oração ou sentença por excelência, quando estas são determinadas através da abordagem integrativa sugerida.Palavras-chave: sintaxe; estrutura oracional; estrutura informacional; discurso; contexto; prosódia; enunciado; história da Linguística; hebraico israelense falado.

Foreigners, Brahmins, Poets, or What? The Sociolinguistics of the Sanskrit “Renaissance”

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Henrich Hock ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Linguistic Community ◽  
Indian English ◽  
Administrative Positions ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
General Terms ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ex Nihilo

A puzzle in the sociolinguistic history of Sanskrit is that texts with authenticated dates first appear in the 2nd century CE, after five centuries of exclusively Prakrit inscriptions. Various hypotheses have tried to account for this fact. Senart (1886) proposed that Sanskrit gained wider currency through Buddhists and Jains. Franke (1902) claimed that Sanskrit died out in India and was artificially reintroduced. Lévi (1902) argued for usurpation of Sanskrit by the Kshatrapas, foreign rulers who employed brahmins in administrative positions. Pisani (1955) instead viewed the “Sanskrit Renaissance” as the brahmins’ attempt to combat these foreign invaders. Ostler (2005) attributed the victory of Sanskrit to its ‘cultivated, self-conscious charm’; his acknowledgment of prior Sanskrit use by brahmins and kshatriyas suggests that he did not consider the victory a sudden event. The hypothesis that the early-CE public appearance of Sanskrit was a sudden event is revived by Pollock (1996, 2006). He argues that Sanskrit was originally confined to ‘sacerdotal’ contexts; that it never was a natural spoken language, as shown by its inability to communicate childhood experiences; and that ‘the epigraphic record (thin though admittedly it is) suggests … that [tribal chiefs] help[ed] create’ a new political civilization, the “Sanskrit Cosmopolis”, ‘by employing Sanskrit in a hitherto unprecedented way’. Crucial in his argument is the claim that kāvya literature was a foundational characteristic of this new civilization and that kāvya has no significant antecedents. I show that Pollock’s arguments are problematic. He ignores evidence for a continuous non-sacerdotal use of Sanskrit, as in the epics and fables. The employment of nursery words like tāta ‘daddy’/tata ‘sonny’ (also used as general terms of endearment), or ambā/ambikā ‘mommy; mother’ attest to Sanskrit’s ability to communicate childhood experiences. Kāvya, the foundation of Pollock’s “Sanskrit Cosmopolis”, has antecedents in earlier Sanskrit (and Pali). Most important, Pollock fails to show how his powerful political-poetic kāvya tradition could have arisen ex nihilo. To produce their poetry, the poets would have had to draw on a living, spoken language with all its different uses, and that language must have been current in a larger linguistic community beyond the poets, whether that community was restricted to brahmins (as commonly assumed) or also included kshatriyas (as suggested by Ostler). I conclude by considering implications for the “Sanskritization” of Southeast Asia and the possible parallel of modern “Indian English” literature.

scholarly journals A perspective on a period of contact between Khoi and Afrikaans

Literator ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christo Van Rensburg
Keyword(s):  
Social Roles ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Central Question ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Border Area ◽  
European Languages ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

In the search for the roots of Afrikaans, early linguists focused on similarities between Afrikaans and Dutch. The influence of non-European languages received little attention. In the course of time, the focus of this field of study changed. Closer attention was paid to language in contact situations in different regions where non-Dutch speakers, as well as Dutch speakers were involved. Data gained from these studies contributed to a better understanding of the origin and history of Afrikaans, and gave more answers to earlier unsolved questions. Discussed here are the details and importance of the contact and the interchange of languages among groups in the interior border area. Khoi-Afrikaans and stock farmers’ Afrikaans were both spoken in this region and gradually modified between 1700 and 1800. This could easily have been the most important phase in the history of Afrikaans, in which there were fundamental changes in the way the language was spoken. The circumstances under which contact took place and the change in social roles of these two languages are also discussed. Forms that were at first stigmatised as Khoi-Afrikaans, later became part of the general Afrikaans vocabulary and grammar. The central question is: How did this happen? The shifting of the norms regarding the spoken language in the interior border area can be understood when the sociohistorical situation in which these varieties of Afrikaans were used, is studied closely. One of the results of this contact and interchange between languages, and the gradual shifting in norms that followed, is discussed by way of illustration: the Khoi usage of ‘ons’ as subject and its integration into everyday Afrikaans.

The relative clause marker in Scots English: Diffusion, complexity, and style as dimensions of syntactic change

1980 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Romaine
Keyword(s):  
Relative Clause ◽  
English Language ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
Qualitative Change ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Syntactic Complexity ◽  
History Of

ABSTRACTA historical study of variation in the relative clause marker in Scottish English indicates that sociolinguistic methodology has some important contributions to make to historical linguistics. The use of the frequency with which NPs in certain syntactic positions are relativized as a measure of syntactic complexity reveals that the WH relativization strategy appears to have entered the language in the most complex styles and least frequently relativized syntactic positions, until it eventually spread or diffused throughout the system. The addition of the WH relativization strategy seems to have resulted in a ‘squish’ of two strategies which are opposed in stylistic meaning rather than in actual qualitative change in the relative system. The process of diffusion can be seen as completed as far as the more formal styles of the modern written language are concerned, but it has not really affected the spoken language, where the native TH strategy prevails. (Sociolinguistic methodology, historical linguistics, language change, relativization, history of tle English language)

scholarly journals Kilka uwag o pleonazmach i tautologiach z perspektywy historyka języka

2021 ◽  
pp. 468-477
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Janowska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Entire History

Some remarks about pleonasms and tautologies from the point of view of a historian of language Summary The problems associated with redundance constitute an object of interest among the researchers of the modern Polish language. From the point of view of a historian, all of these problems are, or perhaps “should be” crucial, for redundance is a conditio which facilitates the existence of such an entity as language – in time. However, a historical perspective which could demonstrate at least the scale of this phenomenon in the entire history of the Polish language heretofore has not been provided. The article is devoted to instances of pleonasm and tautological structures, their variability and stability. As it turns out, many of them are relatively permanent; they have functioned in the Polish language for centuries. Even though they have received criticism in e.g. dictionaries of modern Polish usage, treated as erroneous in various teaching-related publications, they continue to appear in the spoken language and in texts which represent various styles, e.g: w dniu dzisiejszym (which has been a part of the Polish lexicon since at least the 16th century), cofać się do tyłu, miesiąc kwiecień etc. This fact prompts us to re-evaluate their status.

scholarly journals The Serbian historiographer and poet, Jovan Raich

2020 ◽  
pp. 156-160
Author(s):  
Igor I. Kaliganov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
The South ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
History Of

The article talks about the life and work of a prominent figure of the South Slavic national revival, historiographer, poet and translator Jovan Raich (1726–1801), one of the most educated Serbs of his era. He studied in many countries, spoke five foreign languages, left behind a solid original and translated creative heritage. The most significant of his writings was the voluminous historiographical work The History of different Slavic peoples, primarily of the Bulgarians, Croats and Serbs ..., published at the end of the 18th century in Vienna and St. Petersburg. For his works he earned awards from the Austrian and Russian Empresses. Equally striking was Raich’s contribution to the development of national Serbian poetry. Unlike the historiographical writings that Raich wrote in Russian-Church-Slavic, he used a language close to the living Serbian spoken language in his poems.

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