Ideas of the ‘State of Nature’ and ‘Natural Man’ in the Arabic Tradition of the Middle Ages and their entrance into Western thought

1968 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
ERNST BEHLER
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The State ◽  
Western Thought ◽  
State Of Nature ◽  
Natural Man ◽  
The Middle Ages

scholarly journals Pomeranian Pilgrimages in the Middle Ages. The State and Prospects of Research

2016 ◽  
pp. 129-168
Author(s):  
Marcin Majewski ◽  
Marian Rębkowski ◽  
Rafał Simiński
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The State ◽  
The Middle Ages

Aquinas on the Foundations of Knowledge

1991 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 125-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleonore Stump
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Theory Of Knowledge ◽  
Alvin Plantinga ◽  
Western Thought ◽  
The West ◽  
Philosophical Thought ◽  
Justified Belief ◽  
High Middle Ages ◽  
Classical Foundationalism ◽  
The Middle Ages

Aquinas is sometimes taken to hold a foundationalist theory of knowledge. So, for example, Nicholas Wolterstorff says, “Foundationalism has been the reigning theory of theories in the West since the high Middle Ages. It can be traced back as far as Aristotle, and since the Middle Ages vast amounts of philosophical thought have been devoted to elaborating and defending it‥ ‥ Aquinas offers one classic version of foundationalism.” And Alvin Plantinga says, “we can get a better understanding of Aquinas … if we see [him] as accepting some version of classical foundationalism. This is a picture or total way of looking at faith, knowledge, justified belief, rationality, and allied topics. This picture has been enormously popular in Western thought; and despite a substantial opposing ground-swell, I think it remains the dominant way of thinking about these topics.”

Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 201-208
Author(s):  
Conor McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The State ◽  
First Century ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
The Middle Ages

The Conclusion restates the book’s four key arguments. Firstly, legal exclusion in various related forms is a tactic of power. Secondly, legal exclusion is an enduring phenomenon, alive and well in disturbing new combinations in the twentieth and twenty-first century West. Thirdly, exclusion from law is a shared concern for the literature of outlawry and the literature of espionage, and hence a key theme in a range of writings about the state and its actions from the Middle Ages to the present day. Finally, the role of literature here is often to offer critique: in offering such critique it shares with law a demand for justice.

The Origins and Development of Municipal Military Service in the Leonese and Castilian Reconquest, 800–1250

Traditio ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 91-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F. Powers
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contemporary History ◽  
Military Institutions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Middle Ages

In modern society, enmeshed with confrontations involving the individual, military service and the state, historians are often inclined to make comparisons with the distant past which offer relief from the pressures of contemporary history. Regarding military service, the Middle Ages are occasionally suggested as an age when combat was sporadic, when only the small feudal aristocracy encountered a martial obligation, and when the remainder of society could concentrate on the other burdens of life, free of the paraphernalia of war, hot or cold. As with many romantic generalizations concerning the period, the comparative bliss of the medieval non-combatant is open to question. Many would note, however, that the feudal classes did possess a monopoly on warfare for several centuries in parts of Continental Europe, and would tend to place all discussion of military institutions within a feudal context.

scholarly journals A Geografia e a Cartografia Produzidas na Antiguidade: a contribuição dos clássicos The Geography and Cartography Produced in Antiquity: the Contribution of the Classics

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Douglas Colaço
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Visual Arts ◽  
Graduate Program ◽  
The State ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
State University ◽  
Geographical Knowledge ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
The Middle Ages

Este texto é parte da pesquisa desenvolvida e defendida junto ao Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Geografia pela Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná. A pesquisa teve o seguinte título: “A unidade de perspectivas entre a geografia e a cartografia medievais: paralelos com as artes visuais”. Contudo, no capítulo I, buscou-se conhecer e compreender a Geografia (e a Cartografia) produzida na Antiguidade Clássica. Desse modo, na integralidade da pesquisa foi possível compreender alguns traços do pensamento geográfico e do cartográfico greco-romano, e comparar as variações conceituais e metodológicas em relação ao conhecimento geográfico e cartográfico produzidos na Idade Média. Sobre a Antiguidade Clássica, evidentemente, os pensadores gregos e romanos não foram os únicos, nem os primeiros, a produzir um conhecimento geográfico (e cartográfico), mas certamente, foram eles os primeiros a melhor sistematizar tais conhecimentos.AbstractThis text is part of the research developed and defended at the Graduate Program Stricto Sensu in Geography from the State University of Western Paraná. The research had the following title: "The unity of outlook between geography and medieval cartography: parallel with the visual arts." However, in Chapter I , I tried to know and understand the geography ( and Cartography ) produced in Classical Antiquity . Thus, in the whole of the research was possible to understand some aspects of geographical thought and the Greco-Roman cartographic, and compare the conceptual and methodological changes in relation to geographic and cartographic knowledge produced in the Middle Ages. On Classical Antiquity, of course, the Greek and Roman thinkers were not the only, nor the first, producing a geographical knowledge (and mapping), but certainly they were the first ones to better systematize such knowledge.  

scholarly journals The Medieval Cultural and Political Origins of the Industrial Revolution

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ademar Ribeiro Romeiro
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
The State ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Superior Level ◽  
The Middle Ages

This article argues that cultural and political legacies from the Middle Ages were crucial for the sustained economic growth that led to the Industrial Revolution. The medieval social/political orders had an exceptional openness to innovations (technological, organizational and institutional) when compared to other contemporary civilizations. Such openness was caused by the competition between them, as well as by the existence of multiple organizations independent from the State. The emergence of national states changed the medieval scenario but a legacy of some of its important cultural/institutional features remained and played a decisive role in the forthcoming Industrial Revolution: the Rule of Law, individualism, representative assemblies, the respect for labor and professions (notably the merchants) and the embryo of a culture of economic growth. Also, the legacy of a process of accumulation of capital, which was translated into a superior level of labor productivity when compared to those prevailing in any other civilization until that moment.

scholarly journals Beyond War and Contracts: The Medieval and Religious Roots of the European State

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Grzymala-Busse
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
The State ◽  
European State ◽  
Medieval Church ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Royal Courts ◽  
Social Discipline ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Middle Ages

Where does the state come from? Two canonical answers have been interstate wars and contracts between rulers and the ruled in the early modern period. New scholarship has pushed back the historical origins of the European state to the Middle Ages, and focused on domestic institutions such as parliaments, universities, the law, inheritance rules, and cities. It has left open questions of the causes of territorial fragmentation, the structural similarities in state administrations, and the policy preoccupations of the state. One answer is a powerful but neglected force in state formation: the medieval Church, which served as a rival for sovereignty, and a template for institutional innovations in court administrations, the law, and the formation of human capital. Church influence further helps to explain why territorial fragmentation in the Middle Ages persisted, why royal courts adopted similar administrative solutions, and why secular states remain concerned with morality and social discipline.

Man is a Wolf to Man1

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Still
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
The State ◽  
Fruit And Vegetables ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
State Of Nature ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Natural Man

This focuses on Derrida’s analysis of the figure of the wolf in the first volume of The Beast and the Sovereign, particularly in La Fontaine’s fables (where the wolf can represent the sovereign as well as the outlaw) and in political philosophy of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, notably Hobbes’s De Cive and Rousseau’s Discourses. This is developed with reference to other texts of the period such as the Encyclopédie in which wolves are represented as man’s enemies, rivals for scarce resources, notably food. The wolf is typically evoked as solitary and hungry; for Hobbes he, like man in the state of nature, is dangerous. For Rousseau, on the other hand, both wolf and pre-social man are shy rather than violent, preferring flight to fight – and food is naturally abundant for natural man who would in any case prefer fruit and vegetables to meat. The politics of food and taste are critical both in the self-fulfilling prophecy that man will become a wolf to man, and in the extermination of wolves.

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