Ethical Thoughts of the Regulation of False Information in Social Media: Based on Legitimacy and Social Justice

It is now common for social media to regulate rumors. They claim that the purpose of this action is to safeguard social interests. However, some cases have proved that the regulation of rumor has exceeded the necessary limit, but also showed the partiality of the regulation object and the irrationality of the “rumor” standard. Although freedom of speech has boundaries, the regulation of social media is much stricter than it, which hurts social media to play its role as a public sphere. We can’t ask individuals to take too much responsibility for rumor spreading. At the same time, we can’t easily take harsh regulatory measures such as deplatforming and even legal sanctions against individuals, because this will lead to the lack of legitimacy of the regulatory behavior of social media and the aftereffect of injustice.

Forecasting Research and Technoscience: Contemporary Status, Specifics and Prospects

The article emphasizes the role of the advancement of modern science and new technologies in forecasting research as a key factor for making prognoses for the future. It presents the concept of technoscience, developed by the author, as a blend and symbiosis of modern science and technologies, converging on the basis of similar purposes, objects of treatment and outcomes, as well as of the rising engagement with social interests and attitudes. Furthermore, the main kinds of forecasting research with their specifics, advantages and limitations are outlined, pointing out the special role of building foresight scenarios for the future as a prognosis and policy instrument. The tendencies in this field of research are identified, revealing the challenges related to modern technoscience, and the possible solutions.

Stakeholder Management

Stakeholders have a key role in the corporate world, and especially related to sustainability. Even peripheral stakeholders can have a great impact on companies. This is an important consideration that companies need to be aware of and consider. In this chapter, I explore the roles of different kinds of stakeholders such as owners, investors, employees, governments, suppliers, customers, NGOs, and the media, and how to communicate and involve these stakeholders in a constructive manner. I address the function of each respective stakeholder as well potential areas for positive collaboration. The power and impact of NGOs on corporations will receive special attention as they often act as representatives for environmental and social interests—and bring such issues to the attention of others. Cases are provided to illustrate the issues presented.

INDIVIDUALITY AND SOCIAL INTERESTS IN AHMAD FUADI'S 'ANAK RANTAU' (AN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL CRITICISM)

This study aims to know and analyze the theory of individuality and social interest based on Alfred Adler's perspective on the main character in the novel Anak Rantau written by Ahmad Fuadi. The approach in question is related to the personality psychology of the main character, which is known from the storyline. The method used in this research is descriptive-qualitative based on literature review. The result of this research is that the main character in the novel reflects the theoretical principles in their attitudes, behavior, decisions, and speech acts. The individuality of the main character can be seen from the awareness of his past attitudes, his characteristics that are not easily afraid, and his efforts to compensate for his inferiority. Meanwhile, the social interests of the main character develop in line with the long process in the village community.

Some contributions of Habermas to the study of public communication of science

This theoretical essay explores three publications by Jürgen Habermas from the 1960s. The author deals with the critique of science, the production of knowledge and universities democratization. The objective was to extract from them clipings of reflections that can contribute to the studies of public communication of science. We consolidated the considerations into a graphic representation that summarizes the factors to be considered when thinking about the practice of science communication in society: the importance of considering the three interests that drive the production of knowledge - technical, practical and emancipatory, of promoting self-reflection of sciences in politicized and democratized universities, and the mediation of society in the interaction between science and politics, to subsidize decision-making based on social interests. We argue that the basis for a public communication idea of dialogical science - now widely defended - emerged in the German philosopher’s thinking in books published more than 50 years ago. However, that was not his central motivation at that time.

Salary optimisation in Ukraine in the context of the economy Europeanisation

In the context of active legislative prospects of the labour legislation of Ukraine in the aspect of their European integration, there are issues of developing and implementing effective remuneration systems and optimising them, which should be aimed at solving the problems of developing the Ukrainian economy, ensuring a combination of economic and social interests and goals of individual employees and managers of enterprises. This requires the application of new approaches to the organisation of wages, considering the specifics of enterprises and the experience of domestic and foreign companies, as well as scientists in the field of wages. The establishment of effective mechanisms in the remuneration system, which should ensure social and economic justice in labour relations, plays a significant role in resolving the relevant issues. This is primarily the observance, protection and restoration of the subjective rights of employees to pay in case of violation. If most of the outlined general social and economic problems cannot be solved by one means or another, it is not only possible but also necessary to formulate priority purely legal tasks related to the optimisation of legal regulation of wages. The article reflects: 1) the international legal basis for the establishment of an appropriate level of wages, 2) foreign experience in the establishment of optimised wages and 3) scientific and applied approaches to optimising wages in the Ukrainian economy under the influence of European integration processes. During the writing of this article, for a comprehensive disclosure of the issues, to achieve an objective scientific result and formulate appropriate conclusions, the authors used general and special methods of cognition (dialectical, functional, Aristotelian, comparative legal, hermeneutic, method of comparison). The article concludes that the existence of many intra-industry tariff grids in Ukraine in practice only complicates law enforcement. If there really was a Unified Tariff Grid, which would consider all professions, their features and the specifics of working conditions, there would be no need for each sector of the economy to develop its own tariff grid. Currently, there is a situation when within the UTS itself there is a significant number of other internal tariff grids in various areas and industries. The UTS should be developed based on the Dictionary of Occupational Titles, as it is the unified act that contains a list of professions that exist in the economic life of Ukraine. Therefore, each of these professions must be assigned its own tariff coefficient and the corresponding category. Wage growth should depend on the employee's qualifications, level of education, and productivity

Corporate Social Innovation in Developing Countries

Although corporate social innovation studies in developing countries acknowledge the importance of firm resources and capabilities for attaining social goals, they overlook the way in which these interact with broader institutions to generate successful outcomes. We address this gap by exploring the relationship between firm resources-capabilities and institutions that is conducive to meeting both business and social interests in developing countries. By employing a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis of corporate social innovation projects performed by joint ventures of Dutch SMEs and their local partners in developing countries, we show that firm resources and/or capabilities complement strong institutions in these countries. Corporate social innovation can also be facilitated by firm capabilities in running highly legitimate projects that substitute institutional voids in these economies, attesting to multiple paths that corporations can take to achieve social innovation.

LEGAL-THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF FREEDOM OF SPEECH IN THE UNIVERSAL AND REGIONAL DIMENSION: THE EDGE OF REASON

In the theory of law, freedom of speech, which has a long history of formation, continuing even now - with the crystallization of this freedom by international institutions, remains the most important and necessary element of the functioning of civil society and the building of the rule of law. In the legal plane, being initially enshrined at the international level - universal and regional - this freedom faces serious obstacles to its realization and protection at the national level, where it collides with other rights and freedoms, including freedom of religion, as well as with the interests of society and the state which are often difficult to establish. One of the fundamental issues related to the realization of freedom of speech is the question of the absoluteness and limitations of this freedom. Restrictions on freedom of speech, established normatively and developed by practice at the universal and European regional international legal level, are associated with considerations of morality, social interests and values, necessity and security. These approaches developed at different levels of regulation are mutually consistent and complement each other, building a paradigm that is much needed by general international law in a uniform understanding of human rights and freedoms. Despite the established restrictions, in practice, contradictions and misunderstandings continue to arise related to the implementation of freedom of speech at the national level. This work attempts to correlate freedom of speech with restrictions on this freedom by states bound by security interests, morality and ethics. The article proposes an effective way to solve the problem of limiting freedom of speech and delimiting it from other freedoms: increasing the responsibility of states for violating human rights and freedoms by changing its form, and strengthening the jurisdiction of already existing international bodies for the protection of human rights, especially conventions.

Research on the Impact of Relationship Networks on Farmers’ Formal Credit Constraints: The Case of China

Based on the survey data of Lishui City, Zhejiang Province, this paper uses the Heckman two-stage model to construct a credit constraint function without selection bias, and explores the relationship between the scale and quality of the relationship network and the credit constraints of rural households. Research shows that the scale of the relationship network is affected adversely by urbanization and networking, having a weaker impact on the formal credit constraints of rural households. The quality of the relationship networks can improve farmers’ awareness of formal credit, reduce transaction exposure, regulate farmers’ behavior and act as a “guarantee”, thereby effectively alleviating farmers’ formal credit constraints. At the same time, the relationship network of farmers is gradually becoming more structured, where farmers' social interests are becoming more purposeful. Additionally, formal financial institutions have set a threshold for farmers’ credit, which requires a certain amount of securities for money.

Odgovornost Zdravniške zbornice Slovenije do zdravnikov, zdravstvenega sistema in družbe

The responsibility of the Medical Chamber of Slovenia (Chamber) is reflected in the attitude towards the membership that goes through the mission, which is to represent and promote the professional, economic and social interests of doctors, care for the high professional competence and ethics of the conduct of doctors, the reputation and honor of the medical profession, ensuring the fulfillment of medical duties, promoting the rights of doctors, and the professional and safe treatment of patients. The Chamber's responsibility to the health care system lies primarily in proposals for its improvement and elimination of errors, which are recognized by the Chamber in monitoring its operations as well as through controls within the public authority. Responsibility to the company is manifested by the fact that the general public also informs and directs them to find better conditions for the functioning of the system and to help in crisis management. An example of the Chamber's work in the face of the SARS-CoV 2 pandemic causing COVID-19 is given.