Two new and one already known species of the genus Thelohanellus (Myxozoa: Myxosporea: Bivalvulida) parasitizing fresh water fishes in wetlands of Punjab, India

Biologia ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranjeet Singh ◽  
Harpreet Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Gall Bladder ◽  
Polar Capsule ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Catla Catla ◽  
Caudal Fin ◽  
Spore Body ◽  
Wallago Attu ◽  
Gill Lamellae ◽  
Dark Blue

AbstractA study of parasites of freshwater fishes in Harike and Ropar wetlands of Punjab of India revealed the presence of two new and one already known myxozoan species belonging to the genus Thelohanellus Kudo, 1933 infecting gills and caudal fin of two carps and gall bladder of a catfish in the wetlands of Punjab, India. Plasmodia of the first species, T. lamelliformis sp. n. are found infecting primary gill lamellae of Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822) vern. thail, spores measure 10.27 × 4.9 μm, are elongate pyriform, tapering anteriorly in valvular view, having truncated anterior end and broad rounded posterior end. Shell valves are stained dark blue (with iron-haematoxylin) in the middle as well as in the posterior part of the spore body. Anteriorly, a prominent bent is present on one side of the shell valve. Polar capsule is broadly pyriform, measures 3.8 × 2.6 μm and is placed in the middle of spore body cavity with a distinct neck leading to the outside. Plasmodia of the second species, T. rohi sp. n. are found infecting caudal fin of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) vern. rohu, spores measure 14.5 × 7.7 μm, are elongately oval in valvular view having narrow, blunt anterior end with a prominent pore and broad rounded posterior end. A knob-like structure is present at the anterior end of the spore. Inner valve stains dark-blue (with iron-haematoxylin) in the middle and posterior part of the spore body. Polar capsule is oval to spherical in shape, measures 5.5 × 4.7 μm, is placed anteriorly and occupies nearly one third of the spore body cavity. Plasmodia of the third species, T. wallagoi Sarkar, 1985 infect primary gill lamellae of Wallago attu (Bloch & Schneider, 1807), spores measure 8.2 × 4.1 μm, are pyriform in valvular view, having bluntly pointed anterior end and rounded posterior end. Parietal folds are absent. Polar capsule is pyriform, measures 3.3 × 1.67 μm, is eccentrically placed with narrow pointed anterior end. Earlier, this species was reported from West Bengal infecting gall bladder of Wallago attu.

scholarly journals Susceptibility and pathological consequences of catla, Catla catla (Hamilton) experimentally infected with Edwardsiella tarda

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thongam Bidya Devi ◽  
T. Jawahar Abraham ◽  
Dibyendu Kamilya
Keyword(s):  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Edwardsiella Tarda ◽  
Catla Catla ◽  
Cell Hyperplasia ◽  
Hydropic Degeneration ◽  
Leucocyte Infiltration ◽  
Gill Lamellae ◽  
Kidney Liver

AbstractThe present study tested the susceptibility and pathological changes of catla, Catla catla (Hamilton) infected with Edwardsiella tarda (ET-PG-29). The bacterium was isolated from the kidney of a diseased pangas catfish. To determine the median lethal dose (LD50), C. catla were challenged with this bacterium (108-103CFU ml-1), and the LD50was calculated as 105.5CFU ml-1. Another set of healthy C. catla were injected intraperitoneally with the LD50dose to induce edwardsiellosis. The clinical signs of the infected C. catla were observed and recorded. Tissues such as kidney, liver, intestine, heart, and gill from the infected fish with clinical signs of edwardsiellosis were used for histopathology. The clinical and gross signs were first visible at 1 d post-injection, and the infected fish showed typical signs of hemorrhagic septicemia. The most striking histopathological features were found in the kidney which showed multi-focal necrosis with the formation of granuloma indicating an inflammatory response against the pathogen. The intestine displayed goblet cell hyperplasia, the liver showed hydropic degeneration with hyperemic central veins, and there was inflammation of gill lamellae and cardiac myositis associated with leucocyte infiltration. Collectively, the results confirmed the susceptibility of C. catla to E. tarda infection and that this bacterium is a threat to C. catla in aquaculture practices.

scholarly journals Simple Gas Chromatographic Method for the Quantification of Total Cholesterol in Fish Meats

2010 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 1249-1254
Author(s):  
Nusrat N Memon ◽  
Syed Tufail H Sherazi ◽  
Farah N Talpur ◽  
Muhammad I Bhanger
Keyword(s):  
Significant Variation ◽  
Labeo Rohita ◽  
Standard Addition ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
Ctenopharyngodon Idella ◽  
Catla Catla ◽  
Indus River ◽  
Folch Method ◽  
Wallago Attu ◽  
Gas Chromatographic Method

Abstract Six fish speciesCirrhinus mrigala (Morakhi), Labeo rohita (Danbhro), Catla catla (Thalli), Wallago attu (Jarko), Ctenopharyngodon idella (Grass), and Cyprimus carpio (Gulfam)commonly found in the Pakistani Indus river, were selected for fat and cholesterol evaluation. Fat content was quantified by the Folch method and cholesterol content was determined by a simple GC method. The application of the proposed method to quantify cholesterol content revealed variations among the six breeds evaluated. The breeds studied contained 0.801.95 fat, indicating that all investigated fishes were lean; significant variation was found in cholesterol content, and ranged between 72 and 392 mg/100 g. Standard addition analyses showed that the method was accurate, as the recovery of cholesterol varied from 95 to 103, with a coefficient of variance not more than 5.6. The results showed that, after the development of suitable calibration, within 11 min, the cholesterol could be accurately determined by GC.

Oxynoemacheilus zarzianus, a new loach from the Lesser Zab River drainage in Iraqi Kurdistan (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4273 (2) ◽  
pp. 258 ◽  
Author(s):  
JÖRG FREYHOF ◽  
MATTHIAS GEIGER
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Lateral Line ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Caudal Peduncle ◽  
Caudal Fin ◽  
River Drainage ◽  
Posterior Process ◽  
Iraqi Kurdistan

Oxynoemacheilus zarzianus, new species, is described from the Lesser Zab River drainage, a tributary of the lower Tigris. It is distinguished from other Oxynoemacheilus species in the Tigris drainage by having a slightly emarginate caudal fin, no suborbital groove in males, a complete lateral line, the posterior process of the bony air-bladder capsule directed posteriorly, the flank and posterior part of back covered by scales, short barbels and a deep caudal peduncle. It is the fourth Oxynoemacheilus species known from the Lesser Zab drainage, where such loaches seem to be highly isolated in headwaters. Oxynoemacheilus species diversity in the Euphrates and Tigris drainage is exceptional high. Today 22 species are known from the entire Euphrates and Tigris drainage and 15 from the Tigris drainage alone. 

scholarly journals Cadmium Uptake and Relationship to Feeding Habits of Freshwater Fish from the Ayeyarwady River, Mandalay, Myanmar

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (26) ◽  
pp. 200608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khin Myint Mar
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
International Standards ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Catla Catla ◽  
Cadmium Content ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
Wallago Attu ◽  
Fish Samples

Background. Pollution of the aquatic ecosystem by heavy metals is increasing due to anthropogenic activities. Cadmium (Cd) can accumulate in soil, be taken up by plants, and passed on in the food chain to animals and humans. Objectives. The present study was conducted to analyze the uptake of Cd in muscles of sampled fish with different feeding habits and to compare levels of Cd in fish from the Ayeyarwady River, Myanmar with international standards. Methods. The acid digestion procedure was used for sample preparation. Cadmium concentrations in fish samples were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Perkin Elmer AAanalyst 800 and Winlab-32 software). Results. In herbivorous fish species, Cd content ranged from 0.07 ( Catla catla ) to 0.086 mg/kg ( Osteobrama belangeri ). In carnivorous fish species, Cd ranged from 0.060 ( Mystus leucophasis ) to 0.083 mg/kg ( Wallago attu ). In omnivorous fish species, Cd ranged from 0.07 ( Botia histrionica ) to 0.084 mg/kg ( Gudusia variegata ). Cadmium content did not differ significantly across the three types of feeding habits (p>0.05). Discussion. The accumulation of Cd in the muscle of studied fish was lower than the permissible limit set down by the European Union in 2001 (0.1 ppm), but above the limits set down by the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization, European Commission (0.05 ppm) and within the limit of United States Food and Drug Administration (0.01–0.21 ppm). The data obtained in the present study indicate that levels of Cd were not significantly different across fish species with different feeding habits. Conclusions. The examined fish samples were not fully safe for human consumption due to high levels of Cd. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Infestation with the Isopod, Alitropus Typus M. Edwards (Crustacea: Flabellifera: Aegidae) on Commercially Important Freshwater Fishes of Kerala, India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kummari Suresh ◽  
Shalini Gopi ◽  
C.G. Rakesh ◽  
Gijo Ittoop ◽  
Devika Pillai
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Catla Catla ◽  
Parasite Abundance ◽  
Mean Intensity ◽  
Wallago Attu ◽  
Small Scale Farmers ◽  
Fish Hosts

Abstract Rapidly rising temperatures and increasing organic load in the inland and coastal waters has led to a significant increase in parasite population. The isopod Alitropus typus infestation on fish in these waters have become more frequent, causing mortalities in both wild and cultured fishes. The present study was aimed to investigate the infestation on different fish hosts, mean intensity, prevalence, environmental influences on the parasite abundance and the histopathological changes it causes in the host. A total of 219 isopod specimens were collected from 149 infested fishes in two districts of Kerala, India. Among the different fish hosts, Channa striata was found to be the most susceptible, followed by Catla catla, Cyprinus carpio, and Wallago attu, with 81%, 10%, 7%, and 2% occurrence, respectively. The prevalence and mean intensity of infestation were found to be 69.8%, 44.4%, 68.2%, 62.5% and 1.33, 4.25, 1.26, 1.80 in C. striata, W. attu, C. catla, and C. carpio, respectively. The parasite abundance was directly influenced by temperature and rainfall patterns. The histopathology of affected gill tissues showed epithelial lifting, rupture of secondary gill filaments, vacuole formation and hemocytic infiltration. The findings indicated that the isopod parasite, A. typus had a negative impact on fish health and appearance, causing economic losses to the small scale farmers/fishermen. This is the first reported record of the infestation of isopod parasite, A. typus on the Indian major carp C. catla and C. carpio from India.

scholarly journals Memoirs: Nephridia and Body-cavity of some Decapod Crustacea

1893 ◽  
Vol s2-34 (136) ◽  
pp. 403-426
Author(s):  
EDGAR J. ALLEN
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Shell Gland ◽  
Central Cavity ◽  
Typical Structure ◽  
Pericardial Cavity ◽  
Dorsal Sac

1. The green gland of Palæmonetes (and Palæmon) at the time of hatching of the larva has not developed a lumen, although the external opening can be detected. When the larva leaves the egg the lumen commences to open, and the gland consists of an end-sac and a U-shaped tube, of which the distal portion gives rise to the bladder. The bladder then enlarges greatly, growing at first inwards towards the middle ventral line, then upwards, within the oesophageal nerve-ring and anterior to the oesophagus, to the middle dorsal line, where it meets its fellow of the opposite side. The two bladders grow backwards over the stomach and beneath the dorsal sac, subsequently fusing together in the middle line to form the unpaired nephro-peritoneal sac. 2. The shell-glands are the functional excretory organs at the time of hatching and during the latter part of the embryonal period. They open at the bases of the second maxillæ, and each consists of an end-sac and a Y-shaped renal tube, which have the typical structure of a crustacean nephridium. 3. A dorsal sac, which is completely enclosed by an epithelial lining, persists in adults of Palsem on, Palæmonetes, and Crangon. This sac, which does not contain blood, lies upon the nephro-peritoneal sac and the front end of the ovary, being much enlarged at its posterior end. The cephalic aorta (ophthalmic artery) lies within the dorsal sac. 4. At its anterior end the dorsal sac is surrounded by a mass of tissue which appears to be producing blood-corpuscles. 5. The dorsal sac is formed as a hollowing out in masses of mesoderm-cells, which lie on either side of the cephalic aorta. Two lateral cavities are thus formed, which increase in size and unite below the aorta. Taking into account this mode of development, a comparison with Peripatus shows that the dorsal sac is homologous with the dorsal portions of the mesoblastic somites of that animal, and must therefore be regarded as a true cœlom. 6. The body-cavity of these Crustaceans varies in different regions. (a) In the anterior part of the thorax it consists of a true cœlom (the dorsal sac and nephridia) and a hæmocœle. The hæmocœle consists of (1) a central cavity, in which the stomach and intestine, the liver and the nerve-cord lie; (2) two lateral cavities, which contain the end-sac and proximal end of the tube of the shell-gland, and which communicate with the central cavity and with the cavities of the legs; and (3) these leg-cavities, which, in the second maxillæ, contain the tube of the shell-gland. (b) In the posterior part of the thorax the body-cavity is entirely a hæmocœle. It consists of (1) the pericardial cavity, in which lies (2) the heart, and which is separated by the pericardial septum from (3) the central cavity of the body, which contains the genital organs, liver, intestine, and nerve-cord; (4) the lateral cavities, which communicate with the central cavity and with (5) the cavities of the legs. (c) In the abdomen the body-cavity is entirely a hæmocœle. It consists of a dorsal and a ventral sinus, which communicate with one another by lateral sinuses.

First molecular evidence of Thelohanellus wallagoi Sarkar, 1985 (Myxozoa) from economically important food fish, freshwater shark Wallago attu (Siluridae) in India

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 647-653
Author(s):  
Abhishek Gupta ◽  
Anshu Chaudhary ◽  
Anupma Garg ◽  
Chandni Verma ◽  
Hridaya S. Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Original Description ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Important Food ◽  
Spore Type ◽  
Wallago Attu ◽  
River Ganga ◽  
Food Fish ◽  
Gill Lamellae ◽  
Sutural View ◽  
18S Rdna Sequence

Abstract The freshwater shark Wallago attu (Bl. and Schn.) is a frequent silurid in the River Ganga and one of the most commercially exploit fish in India. In a survey on its infection with myxosporeans, spore type belongs to Thelohanellus species was found in the gills, kidney and intestine respectively. Through morphological and molecular investigations, we identified the spore as Thelohanellus wallagoi Sarkar, 1985. They were pyriform in valvular view and slim in sutural view, and had one pyriform polar capsule with four to five turns. The spores measured 8.0 × 4.0 × 2.3 μm. T. wallagoi developed in small cysts in the gill lamellae, whereas cyst and scattered spores of T. wallagoi were also found in the kidney and intestine respectively. The 18S rDNA sequence of T. wallagoi isolates recovered from gills, kidney and intestine were found similar to each other and differed from any other Thelohanellus species available in GenBank and validated its status after 32 years of original description. Phylogenetic analysis signified that T. wallagoi was placed sister to Myxobolus species in the clade that indicated the polyphyletic nature of the genus Thelohanellus.

Mimicry in tropical fishes

1966 ◽  
Vol 251 (772) ◽  
pp. 473-474 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Posterior Part ◽  
Caudal Fin ◽  
Labroides Dimidiatus ◽  
Large Predators

Labroides dimidiatus , a Tropical Wrasse, removes ectoparasites from the bodies, fins, and even the buccal and gill cavities of other fish (figure 1, plate 22). These often show special invitation postures and the ‘cleaner’ occasionally displays in a sort of dance in which the caudal fin is spread and the posterior part of the fish oscillates up and down. Labroides is never eaten even by large predators. Its size, form, coloration, and even its dancing movement are simulated by another fish of a different family, the blenny Aspidontus taeniatus (figure 2, plate 22), who thus succeeds in eliciting the invitation postures from other fish. Being a fin-eater, however, he then attacks instead of cleaning them. The Aspidontus even mimics some local colour-forms of the Labroides . The evolution of the imitative dancing movement of the Aspidontus has been studied in some detail because the evolution of mimicking characters gives the opportunity to study the evolution of a signal produced by a sender alone without co-adaptive interference from the receiver, which in this case does not profit from the ‘false’ communication (Wickler 1963).

scholarly journals Effects of metribuzin on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 324-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Velisek ◽  
Z. Svobodova ◽  
V. Piackova ◽  
L. Novotny ◽  
J. Blahova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Absolute Lymphocyte Count ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Gill Lamellae ◽  
Experimental Group

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of metribuzin on rainbow trout (<I>Oncorhynchus mykiss</I>). An experimental group of fish was exposed to Sencor 70 WG pesticide product (active substance 70% of metribuzin). The acute semistatical toxicity test lasting 96 h was performed on rainbow trout juveniles. The 96hLC50 value of Sencor 70 WG was 89.3 mg/l. An examination of the haematological and biochemical profile and histopathological tissue examinations were performed on one- to two-year-old rainbow trout after 96 h of exposure to Sencor WG 70 in a concentration of 89.3 mg/l. The experimental group showed significantly lower values (<I>P</I> < 0.01) of plasma total proteins, triacylglycerols, aspartate aminotransferase, ammonia, calcium, lactate, alkaline phosphatase, erythrocyte count, haematocrit and significantly higher (<I>P</I> < 0.01) values of erythrocyte haemoglobin compared to the control group. A significant decrease (<I>P</I> < 0.01) in both the relative and absolute lymphocyte count and a significant increase (<I>P</I> < 0.01) in both the relative and absolute count of neutrophile granulocytes were also recorded in the experimental group. The histopathological examination revealed mild proliferation of goblet cells of the respiratory epithelium of secondary gill lamellae and hyaline degeneration of epithelial cells of the renal tubules of the caudal kidney. This alteration of kidney resulted in hypoproteinaemia, followed by the formation of transudate in the body cavity. The metribuzin-based Sencor WG 70 pesticide product was classified among substances harmful to fish.

scholarly journals Memoirs: Some Observations on the Pedal Gland of Milax

1926 ◽  
Vol s2-70 (280) ◽  
pp. 647-667
Author(s):  
R. AILEEN BARR
Keyword(s):  
Posterior Part ◽  
Muscular Contraction ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Forward Movement ◽  
Excretory Function ◽  
Compact Mass ◽  
Glandular Cells ◽  
Excretory Canal

1. The pedal gland of Milax is a compact mass of secreting cells traversed by a tube, the excretory canal, "which is free from the gland for about one-third of its length. The gland lies free in the body cavity, held down to the foot by small muscles. The pedal artery runs along the top of the gland. The canal has a projection from the roof into the lumen in the posterior part, and the floor shows a groove and two humps covered with cilia, forming three ciliated tracts running the whole length of the gland. The cilia in the groove are longer, and have a slower movement, than those on the humps. 2. The gland in Milax differs in position and structure from that in Limax : (a) It is not embedded in the foot. (b) It has no muscle fibres among the glandular cells. (c) A part of the canal is free from the gland at the posterior end. 3. The excretory canal is not emptied by muscular contraction (as in Limax) but (a) by the movement of the cilia ; (b) by the fact that the slime is very tenacious and, therefore, when the slug touches the ground and then moves forward, the slime is drawn out in a long string from the orifice of the canal. 4. The main uses of the mucus secretion are : (a) To provide a smooth track on which the pedal waves of the foot can function in forward movement. (b) To enable the animal to adhere firmly to the substratum. (c) To form a slime-string by means of which the animal can descend from trees to the ground : this is also used to suspend the two slugs during the act of copulation. (d) To assist the mucus glands of the skin in keeping the body moist. 5. The animal cannot progress in the usual way without the slime-track, i.e. if the gland is cauterized the animal moves, not rhythmically, but after the manner of a looper caterpillar. 6. The chief function of the pedal gland is to supply mucus to form the slime-track on which the animal moves. It is also probable, as Cuénot suggested, that the posterior part of the roof of the canal in this gland has an excretory function.

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