Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Hypnea (Cystocloniaceae, Rhodophyta): convergent evolution and its implications in the infrageneric classification

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 563-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscila Barreto de Jesus ◽  
Fabio Nauer ◽  
Goia de Mattos Lyra ◽  
Valter Loureiro de Araújo ◽  
Igor Araújo Santos de Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Infrageneric Classification ◽  
Taxonomic History ◽  
Commercial Source ◽  
Morphological Differences

Abstract Hypnea is a monophyletic genus with a complex nomenclatural and taxonomic history, and is an important commercial source of carrageenan. Phylogenies of this genus have been accessed based primarily on Asian species; however, recent studies performed in South America revealed a great diversity of species, for which phylogenetic relationships need to be evaluated. Three infrageneric sections are recognized in the genus: Pulvinatae, Spinuligerae, and Virgatae; however, morphological and molecular circumscriptions within each section lack clarity. In this study, we analyzed three distinct markers to establish phylogenetic relationships among Hypnea species. To assign each species to the correct section, morphological data were obtained from original descriptions, reference literature, and comparisons with type/topotype and herbaria specimens. Our analyses recovered robust phylogenies for the genus and provided new insights on the taxonomic status and relationships among and within Hypnea species. The combination of three genetic markers increased the resolution and support, resulting in the largest and best-resolved phylogeny of the genus to date. Single and combined analyses revealed that the three sections of the genus Hypnea are taxonomically irrelevant, as currently recognized. Morphological differences are not associated with monophyletic groups and similarities among clades could be better explained by convergent evolution in thallus habit.

Revised classification of the genus Eryx Daudin, 1803 (Serpentes: Erycidae) in Iran and neighbouring areas, based on mtDNA sequences and morphological data

2020 ◽  
pp. 2-12
Author(s):  
Naeimeh Eskandarzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Ecological Niche Modeling ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Niche Overlap ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Western Iran ◽  
Distribution Ranges ◽  
Morphological Differences

Several attempts have recently been made to elucidate taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships among the species and subspecies of sand boas of the genus Eryx throughout their distribution range, with no stable consensus about their taxonomy. Here the phylogenetic relationships among the populations of Eryx in Iran and adjacent areas are studied based on two mitochondrial markers (cytb and 16S). Sixteen morphological characters were examined for evaluation of morphological differences among major populations. Ecological niche modeling was applied to demonstrate the potential distribution of the populations in Iran. ENMtools was also used to measure the degree of niche overlap among the major populations in Iran. Based on phylogenetic reconstruction and considering the genetic distances with specimens from type localities, E. tataricus is a junior synonym of E. miliaris and the subspecies rank for E. m. nogaiorum seems to be invalid. Considering the genetic distance of populations in western Iran and Iraq, and the habitat and morphological differences among the populations of Eryx in western Iran, Iraq and Egypt, the population of Eryx in western Iran is suggested as a different species from E. jaculus, named here as Eryx sp. and the ones from Iraq as Eryx cf. jaculus. Here, the evaluation and revision of taxonomic status, distribution ranges and descriptions of morphological characters of the studied species have been done.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic relationships of the neon tetras Paracheirodon spp. (Characiformes: Characidae: Stethaprioninae), including comments on Petitella georgiae and Hemigrammus bleheri

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Senna Bittencourt ◽  
Valéria Nogueira Machado ◽  
Bruce Gavin Marshall ◽  
Tomas Hrbek ◽  
Izeni Pires Farias
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Sister Taxon ◽  
Taxonomic History ◽  
Relationship Of

ABSTRACT Neon tetras (Paracheirodon spp.) are three colorful characid species with a complicated taxonomic history, and relationships among the species are poorly known. Molecular data resolved the relationships among the three neon tetras, and strongly supported monophyly of the genus and its sister taxon relationship to Brittanichthys. Additionally, the sister-taxon relationship of the rummy-nose tetras Hemigrammus bleheri and Petitella georgiae was strongly supported by molecular and morphological data. Therefore, we propose to transfer the rummy-nose tetras H. bleheri and H. rhodostomus to the genus Petitella. Furthermore, Petitella georgiae is likely to be a species complex comprised of at least two species.

Phylogenetic relationships among southern South American species of Camptosema, Galactia and Collaea (Diocleinae: Papilionoideae: Leguminosae) on the basis of molecular and morphological data

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvana M. Sede ◽  
Daniela Tosto ◽  
Paola Talia ◽  
Melissa Luckow ◽  
Lidia Poggio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
The Other ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Aflp Data ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
Good Support

The neotropical genus Camptosema in its southern distribution is represented by the following four species: Ca. paraguariense, Ca. praeandinum, Ca. rubicundum and Ca. scarlatinum. Ca. rubicundum is the only species with all the diagnostic characters of the genus, i.e. tubular calyx. The other three taxa are related morphologically and cytologically to Galactia and Collaea, two closely allied genera in the subtribe Diocleinae. Individual and combined phylogenetic analyses of morphology, ITS and trnL-F were conducted to examine the position of these species as well as to explore their relationship with Galactia and Collaea species in southern South America. In none of the analyses does Camptosema species form a monophyletic group. Instead, they are scattered in different groups. These results together with cytological, morphological and AFLP data provide good support for re-evaluating the taxonomic position of these species within Camptosema.

scholarly journals The taxonomic status of Cossus cossus afghanistanus (Lepidoptera, Cossidae) from Afghanistan: insights from molecular and morphological data

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 134-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Shapoval ◽  
R. V. Yakovlev ◽  
G. N. Kuftina
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Morphological Differences

<p>In our study we use a 658 bp fragment of the <em>COI</em> gene to analyze a taxon from Afghanistan usually treated in literature as <em>Cossus cossus afghanistanus </em>(Daniel, 1953)<em>.</em> The previous conclusions on taxonomy and nomenclature were not supported by molecular data therefore the question of identity of this taxon has remained unverified. Phylogenetic analysis revealed <em>C. c. afghanistanus </em>to be strongly differentiated from nominotypical <em>Cossus cossus</em> (Linnaeus, 1758) (p-distance: 6.7% ± 1.5%). <em>Cossus c. afghanistanus </em>forms a distinct well-supported clade in ML and BI trees. This fact, together with prominent morphological differences (wing color and genitalia structure) shows that <em>C. c. afghanistanus </em>represent a separate species rather than a subspecies of <em>Cossus cossus</em>.</p>

The evolutionary history and molecular systematics of the Musteloidea

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus-Peter Koepfli ◽  
Jerry W. Dragoo ◽  
Xiaoming Wang
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Species Boundaries ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Taxonomic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
A New Species

This chapter provides a review of the evolutionary and taxonomic history of the Musteloidea, which is the most species-rich superfamily of the Carnivora, containing approximately 30% of the extant species in the order. An up-to-date summary of knowledge on the evolutionary and taxonomic history and phylogenetic relationships of the Mephitidae, Ailuridae, Procyonidae and Mustelidae is provided. Multilocus DNA sequences have made a large impact on the understanding of phylogenetic relationships among the Musteloidea. Molecular data have revealed distinct families (Ailuridae and Mephitidae) within the Musteloidea and have illuminated new relationships based on tempo and patterns of evolution within the Procyonidae. Morphological data in conjunction with molecular data have been used to elucidate species boundaries within certain musteloid genera and have led to the discovery of a new species. Research studies published during the last 30 years have enriched and transformed our understanding of the evolution of musteloid biodiversity.

Emended description and resurrection of Sciaphila tosaensis and S. megastyla (Triuridaceae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 413 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
KENJI SUETSUGU ◽  
AKIHIKO KINOSHITA ◽  
TIAN-CHUAN HSU
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
The Other ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Emended Description ◽  
Morphological Differences

This paper presents a re-evaluation of the taxonomic status of Sciaphila tosaensis and S. megastyla (Triuridaceae) distributed in Japan and Taiwan. Based on the detailed morphological data, we concluded that these two species should both be treated as distinct species rather than synonyms of S. secundiflora. Sciaphila tosaensis differs from S. secundiflora and S. megastyla in having very narrow male perianth segments and female perianth segments distinctly shorter than male perianth segments. Sciaphila megastyla differs from the other two species in having very conspicuous style and stigma that is ca. 1.5 times as long as ovary in the flowering stage. Furthermore, a lectotype is designated of S. megastyla because its holotype has been lost. Molecular data also showed that there is considerable genetic divergence between S. tosaensis and S. megastyla, supporting that the morphological differences are mirrored by their genetic distances.

scholarly journals Phylogeny of drepanosiphine aphids sensu lato (Hemiptera, Aphidoidea) inferred from molecular and morphological data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Congcong Du ◽  
Jing CHen ◽  
Liyun Jiang ◽  
Gexia Qiao
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
Total Evidence ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Mitochondrial Coi ◽  
Previous Hypothesis ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Molecular Genes ◽  
First Time

Abstract As the second largest and most diverse group in the superfamily Aphidoidea, the phylogeny of drepanosiphine aphids sensu lato (s.l.) is critical for discussing the evolution of aphids. However, the taxa composition and phylogenetic relationships of drepanosiphine aphids s.l. have not been fully elucidated to date. In this study, based on total-evidence analyses combining 4 molecular genes (3 mitochondrial, COI, tRNA-Leu/COII, and CytB; 1 nuclear, EF-1ɑ) and 64 morphological and biological characteristics, the phylogeny of this group was reconstructed for the first time at the subfamily level using different datasets, parsimonies and model-based methods. All of our phylogenetic inferences clearly indicated that the drepanosiphine aphids s.l. was not a monophyletic group and seemed to support the division of the drepanosiphine aphids s.l. into different groups classified at the subfamily level. Calaphidinae was also not a monophyletic group, and Saltusaphidinae was nested within this subfamily. Drepanosiphinae was not clustered with Chaitophorinae, which was inconsistent with the previous hypothesis of a close relationship between them, illustrating that their phylogeny remains controversial. Overall, some groups of drepanosiphine aphids s.l., including Phyllaphidinae, Macropodaphidinae, Pterastheniinae, Lizeriinae, Drepanosiphinae, Spicaphidinae, Saltusaphidinae, and Calaphidinae, clustered together and might constitute the actual drepanosiphine aphids s.l. To a certain extent, our results clarified the phylogenetic relationships among drepanosiphine aphids s.l. and confirmed their taxonomic status as subfamilies.

scholarly journals Muscular characters in the phylogeny of Liolaemus (Squamata: Iguania: Liolaemidae): a reappraisal

Zootaxa ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 1205 (1) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. ABDALA ◽  
C. ABDALA ◽  
M. J. TULLI
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Morphological Character ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Phylogenetic Information ◽  
Medial Head ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Many Sources

Liolaemus is one of the most speciosus genera of lizards, having more than 200 species. It is composed of small to moderate-sized lizards that live throughout most of austral South America. Many groups whose phylogenetic relationships have been controversial compose the genus. The proposed phylogenetic relationships of these lizards have been based on data-sets from many sources. In all of the morphological data-sets, three myologycal characters have been considered particularly important:1) insertion of the m. tibialis anticus hypertrophied in association with the presence of a sharp, bladelike process of the tibia, 2) medial head of the m. flexor tibialis internus covered by a hypertrophied m. puboisquitibialis, and 3) presence of melanic pigment within the medial portion of the epimysium of the m. pterygomandibularis. Important taxonomic and anatomical questions about these characters remain: 1) Can the size of the m. puboisquiotibilis be scored with only two character states? 2) Is there a close relationship between the hypertrophied m. flexor tibialis internus and the patch of the enlarged proximal postfemoral scales? and 3) Are these muscular characters exclusive to some of the groups of Liolaemus that have been proposed? Focusing on these questions, we have conducted a taxonomic and anatomic review of these characters in 42 species representing all of the proposed groups of Liolaemus. The analyzed samples show that variations in the considered muscular characters are much more gradual than previously stated. The only exception is the insertion of the m. tibialis anticus hypertrophied in relation to a bladelike hypertrophy of the tibia, which characterizes the montanus group of E theridge (1995). These characters seem to have the same phylogenetic information as any other morphological character. Although the coding we used is more complex, it shows more precisely the subtlety of the change in the character states.

scholarly journals Assessing bivalve phylogeny using Deep Learning and Computer Vision approaches

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffen Kiel
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Classification Tasks

ABSTRACTPhylogenetic analyses using morphological data currently require hand-crafted character matrices, limiting the number of taxa that can be included. Here I explore how Deep Learning and Computer Vision approaches typically applied to image classification tasks, may be used to infer phylogenetic relationships among bivalves. A convolutional neural network (CNN) was trained on thousands of images showing species of 75 bivalve families. The predictions of the CNN on a large number of bivalve images are then interpreted as an indication of how similar these bivalves are to each other, are averaged by the families to which the species belonged, and visualized in a cluster diagram. In this cluster diagram, significantly more families clustered with members of their subclasses than expected by chance, confirming the feasibility of the approach. To address the issue of convergent evolution, two further CNNs were trained, on the same images but grouped by the orders and subclasses to which the species belonged. Combining predictions for the same images but on different taxonomic levels improved the inferred phylogenetic relationships also of families that the CNNs had not been trained on. Finally, this combined tree is merged with five published phylogenetic trees into a supertree, representing the largest single phylogeny of the Bivalvia to date, encompassing 128 families, including six exclusively fossil families and nine extant families for which presently no molecular data are available. Issues inherent to the approach and suggestions for future directions are discussed.

Genetic and morphological differences between populations of the western minnow, Galaxias occidentalis, from two river systems in south-western Australia

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 769 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Watts ◽  
AW Storey ◽  
DR Hebbert ◽  
DHD Edward
Keyword(s):  
Transition Zone ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Genetic Group ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Sympatric Populations ◽  
The North ◽  
Swan Coastal Plain ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Morphological Differences

Allozyme electrophoresis was used to examine patterns of genetic differentiation in the western minnow, Galaxias occidentalis, from the North Dandalup and Canning Rivers in south-westem Australia. Two distinct genetic forms of this species were identified in these rivers and both forms occur sympatrically in samples from two sites. A significant deficit of heterozygotes and a non-random association of alleles among loci was observed in these two samples. The distribution of one of the genetic forms extended from the headwater streams in the Darling Range to the transition zone between the ranges and the Swan Coastal Plain. With the exception of one population, the distribution of the other form extended from the transition zone to the Swan Coastal Plain. The exception was a population that was caught from a site in the ranges but grouped with the populations from the coastal plain. Discriminant analyses of meristic and morphological data were undertaken to determine if morphological differences exist between the two identified genetic groups. All individuals were correctly classified by the analyses of samples from each catchment separately and of the two sympatric populations separately. However, the discriminant analysis of individuals from all sites correctly classified only 85.7% of the Darling Range genetic group and 79.4% of the Swan Coastal Plain genetic group. Further research is required to clarify the taxonomic status of these two genetic forms of G. occidentalis.

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