Neighbourhood Environmental Contribution and Health. A novel indicator integrating urban form and urban green

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Zepp ◽  
Luis Inostroza ◽  
Robynne Sutcliffe ◽  
Salman Ahmed ◽  
Susanne Moebus
Keyword(s):  
Urban Form ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Urban Green ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Environmental Contribution ◽  
Neighbourhood Scale ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The relationship between urban green, urban form and health remains unclear. This research explores health and urban green as well as urban structure as constituents of urban form. The objective was to develop a novel indicator (Neighbourhood Environmental Contribution, NEC) to analyse the spatial relationship between urban green and health (diabetes, mental health and self-rated health) on the neighbourhood scale. NEC performs more stably when regression models are adjusted for confounders. This suggests that better representations of urban form including the built-up structure of urban areas are promising.

Urban Homeownership and Mental Health: Mediating Effect of Perceived Sense of Control

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim R. Manturuk
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Sense Of Control ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Subjective Trust ◽  
Control Part

What are the mechanisms responsible for homeowners’ better mental health? Social disorganization theory suggests that the relationship between homeownership and mental health is mediated by perceived sense of control, trust in neighbors, and residential stability. This hypothesis is tested using data collected from respondents in 30 low–wealth urban areas. Using propensity score matching and regression models, I find that low–income homeowners report a greater sense of control and trust in their neighbors than comparable renters. Homeownership likewise has an impact on mental health, but the effect is entirely mediated by perceived sense of control. Part of that mediating effect is related to avoiding serious delinquency in mortgage payments. However, subjective trust and residential mobility did not mediate the relationship between homeownership and mental health. The study findings are discussed in light of the need for a cohesive theory of homeownership, particularly given changing economic realities.

Do Denser Neighborhoods Have Safer Streets? Population Density and Traffic Safety in the Philadelphia Region

2019 ◽  
pp. 0739456X1984504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erick Guerra ◽  
Xiaoxia Dong ◽  
Michelle Kondo
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Pedestrian Safety ◽  
Negative Binomial Models ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Binomial Models ◽  
Density Results

This study uses multilevel negative binomial models to investigate relationships between neighborhood socio-demographics, urban form, roadway characteristics, traffic collisions, injuries, and fatalities on the Philadelphia region’s streets from 2010 to 2014. We pay particular attention to neighborhood population density. Results indicate that streets in denser neighborhoods have fewer overall collisions, injuries, and fatalities. The association with pedestrian safety is mixed and somewhat uncertain across urban areas and model specifications. This study highlights the importance of population density in traffic safety and helps explain some of the variation in findings across studies examining the relationship between urban form and pedestrian safety.

scholarly journals Exploring the relationship between urban sprawl and the urban system. Evidence from Thessaloniki, 1991-2011.

Spatium ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Georgia Gemenetzi
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
Influence Area ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Spatial Area

The article explores the relationship between urban sprawl and the urban system. Urban sprawl is not considered to be a static, unsustainable urban form, but rather a dynamic process of urban deconcentration through which the urban structure evolves. After identifying the main characteristics of urban sprawl, this article investigates the connection between urban sprawl and the urban system through the concept of polycentricity. Finally, the two-way relationship between urban sprawl and the urban system is highlighted. Based on the above, an integrated theoretical, conceptual and methodological framework is formulated. A key finding was the emergence of ?small-scale? polycentricity, which implies increasing monocentricity over a wider spatial area. This raises questions over the distinction between the negative phenomenon of urban sprawl and sustainable polycentric forms, and points out a need to review the explanatory devices and theories used in spatial analysis and planning. Empirical evidence was extracted from Thessaloniki?s Influence Area.

scholarly journals Fear follows form: A study of the relationship between neighborhood type, income and fear of crime at train stations

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 585-603
Author(s):  
Sofie Kirt Strandbygaard ◽  
Otto Anker Nielsen ◽  
Alan Keith Spence Jones ◽  
Bo Grönlund ◽  
Lotte Bjerregaard Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
Fear Reduction ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Income Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Neighborhood Type

In pursuing fear-reduction strategies in public transport, the total experience of accessing rail stations should be taken into account. This article correlates passengers’ fear of crime at train stations with neighborhood types and income data within the pedestrian catchment area. The research is based on urban form and income around 84 S-train stations in the Copenhagen metropolitan area and nine years of passenger surveys on fear of crime at these stations. The study reveals a significant positive correlation between low income and fear of crime; the lower the income in an urban area, the more unsafe passengers feel at the station. However, when controlling for the relationship between income, safety and neighborhood type, stations in neighborhoods with urban form associated with low incomes have the lowest ratings of safety. The research indicates that train passengers’ sense of security is connected to neighborhood type and the city’s planning characteristics. This is an important finding for urban designers and planners working on the integration of public transport and station design in urban areas.

Accessibility Measures and the Social Evaluation of Urban Structure

1977 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1013-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Black ◽  
M Conroy
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Travel Behaviour ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Travel Patterns ◽  
Social Evaluation ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Physical Accessibility ◽  
Numerical Index

The measurement of accessibility and travel patterns in urban areas is described. The methodology presented includes graphical measures of physical accessibility, a numerical index of accessibility that is consistent with graphical measures, residents' accessibility weighted by transport availability, and the relationship between accessibility and travel behaviour. Some empirical results are presented for access and travel to male and female jobs in Sydney, with the use of data collected for the 1971 Census of Population and for the Sydney Area Transportation Study. The consequences of some alternative arrangements of land use and plans to improve public transport on residents' accessibility are investigated. It is argued that accessibility measures are a useful aid to planners and policymakers in the social evaluation of urban structure.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Relationship between Park Features and Ecotherapeutic Environment: A Comparative Study of Two Parks in Istanbul, Beylikdüzü

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4600
Author(s):  
Didem Kara ◽  
Gülden Demet Oruç
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
User Experiences ◽  
Human Relationships ◽  
Urban Green ◽  
Human Psychology ◽  
Urban Green Areas ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
Physical Attributes ◽  
The Relationship

The impacts of problems related to dense, unplanned, and irregular urbanization on the natural environment, urban areas, and humankind have been discussed in many disciplines for decades. Because of the circular relationship between humans and their environment, human health and psychology have become both agents and patients in interactions with nature. The field of ecopsychology investigates within this reciprocal context the relationship between human psychology and ecological issues and the roles of human psychology and society in environmental problems based on deteriorated nature–human relationships in urbanized areas. This approach has given rise to ecotherapy, which takes a systemic approach to repairing this disturbed nature–human relationship. This study aims to uncover the relationship between the physical attributes of urban green areas and their potential for providing ecotherapy service to users, first by determining the characteristics of ecotherapeutic urban space and urban green areas given in studies in the ecopsychology and ecotherapy literature, and then by conducting a case study in two urban parks from the Beylikdüzü District of the Istanbul Metropolitan Area. The impacts of these parks’ changing physical characteristics on user experiences are determined through a comparison of their physical attributes and the user experiences related to their ecotherapy services.

scholarly journals Spatial integration processes of mass housing estates. The case of Madrid.

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio García-Pérez ◽  
Borja Ruiz-Apilánez Corrochano
Keyword(s):  
Urban Form ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Space Syntax ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Spatial Integration ◽  
Economic Dimension ◽  
Mass Housing ◽  
Improvement Strategies ◽  
Housing Estates

Deprived urban areas regeneration is one of the most important challenges of our cities, which interest is recognised by International Urban Guidelines (ONU), as well as Leipzig Charter and Toledo Declaration (European Union). At this respect, systematic analysis of built city obsolescence is crucial to propose improvement strategies. In particular, mass housing estates, characteristic urban form from modern urbanism, have been detected by several studies as one of the most vulnerable urban forms. Moreover, several studies had determined the systemic nature of problems that this urban form has develop, where physical, social, and economic dimension are strongly related. The low level of spatial integration of the housing estate in the city urban structure could be one of the problems and, in part, responsible of that urban obsolescence. In addition, fifty years after its construction, the continued growth of cities sometimes has modified initial conditions and consequently study the integration evolution of mass housing estates is needed. At this sense, it has been shown that Space Syntax methodology could be a useful tool. The aim of this study is, on the one hand, study criteria to apply Space Syntax methodology to the integration evolution study, and on the other hand, know the integration processes of mass housing estates to propose improvement strategies. Methodology includes, data collection and definition of analysis scenarios adapted to Spanish dataset, Space Syntax methodology in a evolutive approach in two stages: 1970s and 2010s, and interpretation of evolution results. The methodology is tested for Madrid mass housing estates.

Residential Location and Household Spending: Exploring the Relationship Between Neighborhood Characteristics and Transportation and Housing Costs

2021 ◽  
pp. 107808742110288
Author(s):  
Andrew Schouten
Keyword(s):  
Urban Form ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Housing Prices ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Transportation Costs ◽  
Household Spending ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and a seven-category neighborhood typology, this analysis examines the relationship between urban form and household spending. Results suggest that poor households living in urban areas have lower transportation expenditures than their counterparts in sprawling suburbs. Lower transportation costs, however, do not offset high housing prices, with poor households paying particularly high premiums for housing in the densest, most transit-rich neighborhoods. Households above the poverty threshold also benefit from reductions in transportation costs, especially in intensely urban areas. Nevertheless, these low transportation costs are not associated with lower overall expenditures; instead, they countervail high housing premiums, meaning that the most transit-rich neighborhoods do not offer cost savings relative to other neighborhood types. Findings highlight the need to expand the supply of both transit and housing in communities where poor households can leverage affordable transportation options to reduce their combined expenditure burden.

scholarly journals The heterogeneity and change in the urban structure of metropolitan areas in the United States, 1990–2010

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Leyk ◽  
Deborah Balk ◽  
Bryan Jones ◽  
Mark R. Montgomery ◽  
Hasim Engin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Change Analysis ◽  
Block Level ◽  
Urban Places ◽  
Over Time

AbstractWhile the population of the United States has been predominantly urban for nearly 100 years, periodic transformations of the concepts and measures that define urban places and population have taken place, complicating over-time comparisons. We compare and combine data series of officially-designated urban areas, 1990–2010, at the census block-level within Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) with a satellite-derived consistent series on built-up area from the Global Human Settlement Layer to create urban classes that characterize urban structure and provide estimates of land and population. We find considerable heterogeneity in urban form across MSAs, even among those of similar population size, indicating the inherent difficulties in urban definitions. Over time, we observe slightly declining population densities and increasing land and population in areas captured only by census definitions or low built-up densities, constrained by the geography of place. Nevertheless, deriving urban proxies from satellite-derived built-up areas is promising for future efforts to create spatio-temporally consistent measures for urban land to guide urban demographic change analysis.

scholarly journals Urban Parcel Grouping Method Based on Urban Form and Functional Connectivity Characterisation

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 282
Author(s):  
Wu ◽  
Zhang ◽  
Li ◽  
Dale ◽  
Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Morphology ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Functional Regions ◽  
Grouping Method ◽  
Function Discovery

The grouping of parcel data based on proximity is a pre-processing step of GIS and a key link of urban structure recognition for regional function discovery and urban planning. Currently, most literature abstracts parcels into points and clusters parcels based on their attribute similarity, which produces a large number of coarse granularity functional regions or discrete distribution of parcels that is inconsistent with human cognition. In this paper, we propose a novel parcel grouping method to optimise this issue, which considers both the urban morphology and the urban functional connectivity. Infiltration behaviours of urban components provide a basis for exploring the correlation between morphology mechanism and functional connectivity of urban areas. We measured the infiltration behaviours among adjacent parcels and concluded that the occurrence of infiltration behaviours often appears in the form of groups, which indicated the practical significance of parcel grouping. Our method employed two parcel morphology indicators: the similarity of the line segments and the compactness of the distribution. The line segment similarity was used to establish the adjacent relationship among parcels and the compactness was used to optimise the grouping result in obtain a satisfactory visual expression. In our study, constrained Delaunay triangulation, Hausdorff distance, and graph theory were employed to construct the proximity, delineate the parcel adjacency matrix, and implement the grouping of parcels. We applied this method for grouping urban parcel data of Beijing and verified the rationality of grouping results based on the quantified results of infiltration behaviours. Our method proved to take a good account of infiltration behaviours and satisfied human cognition, compared with a k-means++ method. We also presented a case using Xicheng District in Beijing to demonstrate the practicability of the method. The result showed that our method obtained fine-grained groups while ensuring functional regions-integrity.

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